The Pembina Band occupied the Red River of the North Valley long before the international boundary divided their homeland. In 1670, England claimed the region through the Royal Charter granting Rupert's Land to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), giving the Company exclusive commercial rights throughout the Hudson Bay drainage basin, extending as far south as the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail Rivers near present-day Wahpeton, North Dakota, and Breckenridge, Minnesota.

During the 1730s, French explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, claimed the region for France and established Fort La Reine and later forts extending westward from Lake Winnipeg. French control ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763), which concluded the French and Indian War in North America and transferred the region to Great Britain.

Following the boundary settlement between the United States and Great Britain, the international border eventually divided the Red River Valley, separating the traditional homeland of the Pembina and Red Lake Chippewa. As settlement expanded and Minnesota became a state, the Pembina Band was ultimately displaced westward into what is now North Dakota, where many became associated with the Turtle Mountain Reservation. North of the border, descendants became associated with the present-day Roseau River First Nation.

In 1849, Father Georges-Antoine Belcourt wrote Major Woods of the Red River Expedition that the Pembina Chippewa District extended approximately 400 miles from southeastern South Dakota north into Canada, and more than 500 miles east to west from Cass Lake, Minnesota, to the Missouri River. Portions of this same region were also claimed by the Yankton, Yanktonai, and Lakota.

The Sault people are the first Anishinaabe to enter the written historical record, appearing in the Jesuit Relations about 1640. The Ojibwe word Baawitigowininiwag ("the people of the rapids") was translated into French as Saulteurs or Saulteaux, meaning "the people at the rapids."

France formally claimed Sault Ste. Marie in June 1671 when Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson proclaimed the territory surrounding Lake Superior for King Louis XIV. Fourteen nations were represented at the ceremony, including the Chippewa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, Menominee, Winnebago, and Cree.

Following the French defeat in North America, Britain assumed control of the region in 1761, and the Treaty of Paris (1763) formally transferred New France to British rule. During the War of 1812, British and Saulteaux forces successfully defended Sault Ste. Marie against an American attack, maintaining British control of the settlement.

The establishment of the international boundary divided the traditional homeland of the Sault people. Those living north of the border became associated with the present-day Batchewana First Nation, while those south of the border became the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. Although separated politically, both communities trace their ancestry to the historic people of Baawitigong.

In 2010, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians and Batchewana First Nation jointly secured the repatriation from the Smithsonian Institution of the remains of six ancestors that had been removed from burial grounds on Whitefish Island about 1875.

Some of the Swan Creek and Black River Bands of Chippewa were removed from Michigan under the treaties of 1836 and 1837. Initially, they were relocated to Kansas, where they shared a reservation with the Christian Munsee. The federal government later took that reservation, leaving the bands landless. Many subsequently joined a band of Potawatomi that became known as the Citizen Potawatomi. During the 1870s, they were again removed to Indian Territory, where they settled in northeastern Oklahoma alongside the Cherokee Nation.

Not all members of the Swan Creek and Black River Bands left Michigan. Those who remained became part of the present-day Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan.

 The Bois Forte Band represents a unique three-way combination within the Anishinaabe world. To the French voyageurs, the largest component was known as the Les Songatikitons ("Strong-Wooded Ones"). A second component was the Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. The third was the southern portion of the Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux, whose traditional homeland was divided by the international boundary. Together, these historically distinct communities became part of the present-day Bois Forte Band. 

The topic of "eduacation" is broad when it comes to Native Americans. Typically the schools are lumped together as though they were all the same.  Here the focus is on one that was atypical, Pipestone Indian Training School. It was a school built at the request of the Yankton Sioux.   

 and built upon land the BIA appropriated from the Yankton Pipestone Reservation. That appropiation was not taken well by the tribe and they took it to court and won. Even though the school was on their land and they had the closest reservation to the school, the student population was drawn more from Minnesota's Chippewa reservations, in particular from White Earth. The religious component, typical of many schools, was not an element of Pipestone. Student health was addressed, with the buildling of a hospital on the campus. In 1889 plans and specifications for a Indian School at Pipestone were drawn up.[274]  Attendence at non-reservation  BIA boarding schools was by application. The length of attendence was specified by the parent on the application they submitted.  For Pipestone, many years there were more applications than beds. The Yankton Pipestone quarry site was a culturally significant location for numerous tribes due to the revered red catlinite quarried there.

In 1890 it was reported tribes had requested a school at the Yankton tribe's Pipestone Reservation.[275] An appropriation of $30,000 was requested and $25,000 was approved. The Bureau of Indian Affairs took 100 acres of the reservation land to build the Pipestone Indian Industrial School adjacent to the Pipestone Quarry. The Yankton people long contested that loss and won before the Supreme Court years later. It was one of the BIA's 25 non-reservation boarding schools and amongst the last to be closed. When the school opened the majority of native Americans in Minnesota were Ojibwa and they dominated the school's enrollment throughout it's history. The school had grades 1-8 with a split curriculum, mornings and afternoon groups switching: academics and occupation skills. The school fielded both girls and boys sports teams[276] [277] [278] Post WWI, the Pipestone student body became more diverse, but White-Earth remained the primary source of students until the school closed. Attendance was voluntary and by application. The School superintendent made visits to reservations both in and outside Minnesota to recruit students. The circumstances for the attendance of orphans at the school are not published. In 1952, last year the school was supposed to be open, over 300 students wanted to attend, however due to budget reductions only 130 from Minnesota were accepted. Post WWII newspapers portray the school's secondary tasking as an orphanage.[279] [280] Leaders of the Chippewa were against closing Pipestone School until something could be done to place the kids in permanent situations.[281] 

Despite it's location on the Yankton Pipestone reservation it was considered an off-reservation school because their was no resident population.

1891 The Yankton tribe filed a complaint that the school would be placed on the Yankton Pipestone reservation not adjacent to it.[282][283]

1893 The Pipestone Superintendent passed through Marshall, MN with three groups of kids. Two were from White-Earth and Mille-Lacs. The third were Sioux he brought via St Paul.[284]

1894 the Avoca Catholic boarding school for Indian girls closed. The students were transferred to Pipestone and Flandreau after permission was received from the parents.[285]

1895 The Superintendents of the Indian schools at Pipestone and Pierre S.D. both went to White-Earth looking to enroll students. Pipestone got 8 or 9.[286]

1897 Six bright students were escorted back to the Rosebud Agency when classes ended in the Spring [287] In the Fall it was reported 67 Ojibwa children from the Detroit Lakes area were enroute to Pipestone.[288][289]

1899  C.J. Crandall, the first Superintendent of Pipestone, wrote that the legends surrounding the red Pipestone were mostly the creations of the "white man".[290][291]

1900 Congress considered buying the Pipestone Reservation[292]

1901 Pipestone's students won 12 bronze medals in Agricultural Products at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.[293][294]

1902 School enrollment reported at 135 mostly Chippewa.[295][289]

1904 Bids were solicited to provide 35,000 pounds of beef for the school. The desired cuts were specified as well as what would be rejected.[296]

1905 The White-Earth Tomahawk reported the Pipestone School matron, Miss Roy, returned for the new school year accompanied by many White Earth students.[297] White Earth Chief William Madison was the Boys Advisor at Pipestone.[298]

1906 The first 3 students to graduate at Pipestone were Clem Fairbanks, Willie Coffey, and Willie McIntosh from White-Earth. In 1906 enrollment was 215.[299]

1908 the BIA prohibited non-reservation school superintendents from going to reservations and recruiting students.[300] The head of the BIA felt too much money was being spent on the training programs at the non-reservation schools and that they should have the same curriculums as public schools.

1912 the students began publishing a school newspaper that some claim make it the first indigenous newspaper in the country.[301] However, The Oglala Light began publishing at the Oglala Indian Training School in Pine Ridge, South Dakota in 1900.

ca. 1914 Two girls displaying a large example of Ojibwa beadwork at Pipestone.[302]

1915 Congress Approbations for the Minnesota Chippewa: Pipestone School $51,725, $4,000 support of the Chippewa school of the Mississippi bands. A request was made to reserve the mineral rights of all tribal land taken by the whites. Another provision was made for a welfare payment be authorized for any tribal member that was destitute, ill, or incapacitated.[303]

1916 The BIA allocated Indian schools $167/student while PITS was spending $224/student[304] In 1914 the boys made the Tri-state Indian school championship.[305]

1918 School enrollment reported at 165: Chippewa 75, Sioux 55, Winnebago 19, Omaha 19.[289] During commencement PITS displayed a service banner with 35 stars for former students in uniform for WWI.[306]

1927 school enrollment was 340 the school's maximum, many applications were turned down[307]

1927 The school boyscouts preformed Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha for the first time.  It became a annual school activity that was later adopted as a community activity. A Charles Morrison was a student from 1910- 1924 who later returned as a teacher.  He was helped later, non-native, preformers learn the correct pronunciation of the Ojibwa words used in the play. (Pipestone Administrative History NM, Chapter VIII, NPS 2025,  https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/pipe/adhi8.htm )

1930 school enrollment was 315. 375.In 1930 the football team went 7-3 scoring 220 pts vs. their opponents 72. It was notable as almost all their opponents were High schools and Pipestone only went to the 9th grade. The team represented 11 tribes: Chippewa 5, Sioux 5, Gros Ventre 2, Akira 2, Sac-Fox 2, Winnebago 1, Omaha, 1, Oneida 1, and Cheyenne 1. The toughest game was against the Flandreau Indian School team.[308]

In 1932 Pipestone had it's largest enrollment. That year a Hospital was built on the school campus.[309] The building was demolished in 1999.

1940 Applications for enrollment far exceeded school capacity with many turned down to get to the preferred number of 320.

1936  Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwall and his four brothers arrived from Red Lake and state that enroolment was 136. He also states that 54 of those student entered military service for WWII and that the school prepared them for it. .https://www.pipestonestar.com/articles/band-of-warriors/

1941 The boys basketball team made the news. It was reported that they had won a tournament two years running and were returning. They were noted for defeating the opposition routinely by 15-25 points. Because of this they had to travel over 100 miles to play teams they would or could compete with them.[310]

1947 enrollment demographics and costs per student reported. [311]

1948 the BIA proposed closing all Indian schools. The people of Pipestone said all the other schools could close except Pipestone. Because of the historical significance of the adjoining Pipestone Reservation, it should be exempted. In 1948 the Minnesota Welfare Board insisted that the Pipestone Indian School remain. The governor of Minnesota wrote numerous letters that "many of these children have no homes, no family's, or places to go". [312] That year the school and hospital closures were put off for a year.[313]

1948 Was the last year the School put on the Song of Hiawatha play due to the pending closure. The local community assumed production in 1949.

1949 The school had nearly 400 applications but only 125 were accepted due to reduced funding. Most of those were year round residents. They did not have homes to return to during summer because they were orphans.[314] That year Minnesota U.S. Senator H.H. Humphrey made efforts on behalf of keeping Pipestone open. Le Sueur News-Herald, Mar. 9, 1949, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN [244]. Communities throughout Minnesota and South Dakota opposed the closing of the Indian School and the Hospital.[315]

In 1952 $135,000 was authorized to fund Pipestone's a last year of operations. That figure equals $1,582,819.32 in 2024 dollars or $12,662/student for 125 students.

1953 the School was scheduled for closure however, $250,000 was appropriated for the 1953-54 school year. The Indian Bureau diverted $72,000 of that money for the Minnesota foster care program for the placement of Pipestone students. The Bureau was ordered to  return the monies as well as any Pipestone students it had placed.[316]  The Chippewa opposed the closing of the Pipestone school[317][318]

*   1953 Termination Act: House Concurrent Resolution 108 (H. Con. Res. 108), passed August 1, 1953, declared it to be the sense of Congress that it should be policy of the United States  government to abolish federal supervision over American Indian Tribes as soon as possible and to subject the Indians to the same laws, privileges, and responsibilities as other U.S.citzens. This includes an end to reservations and tribal sovereignty, integrating Native Americans into mainstream American society.

☆  The solution to the closing of Pipestone was placing the kids in the Foster Home Program.

☆  A student's opinion of Pipestone and "The Writings of Ward Churchill Fulsome and Inflammatory", The Ojibwe News, June 10, 2005, p. 4,5, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN [245]

☆  PITS, Keeping Victimhood in Perspective, Chuck Trimble, Feb. 25, 2012 Indian Country Today, [246]

☆  Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwall of the Red Lake Nation with four brothers attended Pipestone. With 8 kids to raise his mother saw Pipestone as a way to solve her situation. Adam credits Pipstone with giving him the training he and his bothers needed to be prepared for military service during WWII.

 https://www.pipestonestar.com/articles/band-of-warriors/

☆  In 1929 the US Army turned over to the BIA 3000 Krag rifles with bayonets, scabbards, and ammunition belts for military training at boarding schools.   

Evening Star, March 08, 1928, p.6, LOC, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1928-03-08/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1756&index=0&rows=20&words=Army+boarding+Indian+schools&search

 ☆  The History of Native American Boarding Schools Is Even More Complicated than a New Report Reveals, Olivia Waxman, Time Magazine, May 17,, 2022, https://time.com/6177069/american-indian-boarding-schools-history/

In 1855 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow places the Chippewa at Pipestone in his Song of Hiawatha. He wrote "Here Gitche Manitou called all the tribes together".

2008 Was the last year the Song of Hiawatha was preformed at Pipestone ending what the students started over 70 years earlier.

Chief William Madison made the newspapers after his tenure at PITS. In 1940 he held a press conference with the media concerning the failure of the State to erect monuments acknowledging significant Chippewa history,[319] A decade later, in 1950, he ran for the office of State Senator for Minneapolis.[320]

PIPESTONE STUDENT FILES 1910 -1954  ARE AVAILABLE AT: National Archives at Kansas City, 2025, https://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/finding-aids/pipestone-students.html  (RECORD GROUP 75) IS SUPPOSE TO CONTAIN THE YEARS 1894-1910.  Direct questions to:   
kansascity.archives@nara.gov 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is forever linked to the Ojibwe through his 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. The poem became one of the most widely recognized works of American literature and brought Ojibwe-derived names, stories, and cultural traditions into the center of American popular culture. Longfellow drew extensively from Ojibwe traditions recorded by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, particularly stories surrounding the cultural hero Nanabozho, while adopting the name Hiawatha for his central character. The poem contains a large vocabulary of Ojibwe names and words that Longfellow used to create its cultural setting.

The poem did not remain confined to literature. It entered American education and became familiar to generations of schoolchildren. At the Pipestone Indian School in Minnesota, where the student population included primarily Dakota and Ojibwa-Chippewa students, the Boy Scouts produced The Song of Hiawatha as a school production in 1927. The production became an annual project involving the local community and eventually grew into a regional event that continued after the school closed.

In Michigan, George Kabaosa of the Garden River Band, grandson of Chief Shingwaukonse, helped transform Longfellow's poem into a Native performance tradition. The Garden River production, Hiawatha, or Nanabozho**, incorporated the Ojibwe language and was performed by Ojibwe people. The production began at Desbarats around 1900–1901 and soon developed an international audience. In 1904 the Native cast toured Chicago, Boston, and New York; in 1905 the production traveled to Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands, including a five-month engagement at London's Earl's Court. The Garden River band continued performing the production in various forms well into the twentieth century.**

The Hiawatha tradition also entered the world of transportation. The Milwaukee Road adopted Hiawatha as the name of its famous streamlined passenger trains, beginning with the Twin Cities Hiawatha, which entered service between Chicago and Minneapolis–St. Paul in 1935. Other Milwaukee Road services followed, including the North Woods Hiawatha, Midwest Hiawatha, Chippewa-Hiawatha, and Olympian Hiawatha. The Olympian Hiawatha carried the name on the Milwaukee Road's Pacific line between Chicago and Seattle/Tacoma.

The Milwaukee Road also operated the Chippewa line between Chicago and Michigan's Upper Peninsula, introduced in 1937. In 1948 it was renamed Chippewa-Hiawatha, bringing the two names together. The name later reverted to Chippewa.

The popularity of The Song of Hiawatha also attracted some of America's best-known illustrators. Frederic Remington was commissioned in 1888 to illustrate the deluxe 1891 edition of the poem. He produced twenty-two black-and-white oil paintings, one for each canto, along with other drawings used in the book. Maxfield Parrish and N. C. Wyeth later provided artwork for editions of the poem as well.

Among the most enduring names in Ojibwe tradition is nookomis, “my grandmother.” In Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha**, Nokomis is Hiawatha's grandmother, a figure associated with family, wisdom, guidance, and the transmission of knowledge between generations.**

Longfellow introduced the name Nokomis to millions of readers in the nineteenth century. As The Song of Hiawatha became familiar through literature and education, the name entered the broader public vocabulary of North America. It subsequently appeared on maps, communities, neighborhoods, lakes, businesses, recreational facilities, vessels, currency, and numerous other public places.

The name also entered maritime and military history. Detroit automobile pioneer Horace Elgin Dodge christened two successive luxury yachts Nokomis. The first entered U.S. Navy service during World War I and was renamed USS Kwasind (SP-1233), after the mighty companion of Hiawatha in Longfellow's poem. Dodge's second yacht entered naval service as USS Nokomis (SP-609), carrying the name of the Ojibwe grandmother while serving with the U.S. Navy during World War I.

The connection continued with USS Nokomis (YT-142) during World War II. During the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, she was the first vessel to reach USS Arizona before being forced back by explosions and fire. She subsequently assisted USS Nevada in reaching shallow water and helped fight fires aboard USS California. For her wartime service, USS Nokomis received a battle star.

By the early twentieth century, The Song of Hiawatha had become one of the most widely assigned works of literature in American public schools. For generations, students encountered names such as Hiawatha, Nokomis, Kwasind, Mudjekeewis, Pau-Puk-Keewis, Shingebis, Gitche Manito, and others. Through Longfellow's presentation of an Ojibwe cultural world, these names entered the broader public vocabulary of North America.

The result was a documentary footprint extending far beyond literature. Names from the poem appeared on communities, geographic features, transportation, businesses, recreational facilities, vessels, horses, military vessels, schools, and countless other aspects of public life. Longfellow's poem thus became an important cultural vehicle through which Ojibwe names entered mainstream North American culture.

During World War I, the U.S. Navy had four ships bearing Ojibwe names associated with Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha.

The yacht Nokomis I, acquired by the Navy in 1917, and renamed Kwasind, meaning the vessel carried two different names from the Hiawatha tradition during its history.

• USS Hiawatha (SP-183), patrol vessel (1917–1920) 
• USS Hiawatha (ID-2892), tug (1918) 
• USS Hiawatha (YT-265 / YTB-265 / YTM-265), tug (1942–1987)
• Hiawatha, US Fishing vessel , lost
• Hiawatha, German, lost 123,  Rngoon-Zwijndrecat
• Hiawatha, US MFV,  8 ton lost 1920-1936, Ketchikan
• Hiawatha, US MV length 66' beam 16', lost Ketchikan
• Hiawatha, Quebec, SS ,230 ton, lost Douglaston
• Hiawatha. SV, Ireland, 12 ton, lost
• Hiawatha,  struck & sunk February 1884
• Hiawatha renamed Cabotia, 240' sank 1919
• Hiawatha, US SV, 98 ton, lost
• Nokomis Sailing barque 1884
• Nokomis Fishing vessel lost 1905 (US)
• Nokomis Fishing vessel lost 1914 (US)
• Nokomis I (1914) renamed USS Kwasind (SP-1233) 
• Nokomis II (1916) renamed USS Nokomis (SP-609 / PY-6) 
• Nokomis Jr. 32' launch built for the Nokomis II (speed  40 mph)
• Nokomis 40' motor yacht Perth Australia, 1923, 60-h.p.
• USS Nokomis (YT-142) 
• MV Nokomis (1959)
• Nokomis 4 super yacht https://www.superyachttimes.com/yachts/nokomis-4/overview
• SS Chibiabos, 1918, wooden freighter 281' delivered three days after the armistice
• Dahinda, racing yacht, early 20th century
• Ishkoodah, British-registered sailing vessel, Montreal, 1895 
• Keewaydin, Newfoundland pleasure yacht, 1947 
• Keewaydin, New Zealand-built sailing vessel 
• Keego, 1909 yacht Canadian
• SS Kwasind, British, 2233 Ton,  sunk by a mine from the German submarine UC-4
• Yacht Kwasind the former Schooner Elbridge T. Gerry,1888–96  New York Sandy Hook pilot boat;. 80 ft. long; 62 tons. Sold 1896 and renamed Kwasind on January 31, 1897,
• Yacht Kwasind, built 1892, 78.6 ft. long; 65 gross tons; yawl-rigged / auxiliary yawl.
• MV Hiawatha and MV Kwasind Royal Canadian Yacht Club
• SS Manitou, a freight boat on Lake Winnipegosis, launched 1900 
• Mishe-Mokwa, passenger ferry, 1963 
• Mudjekeewis, 26-foot catboat (1890)
• Mudjekeewis, Largs Scotland, 1964  yacht auxiliary motor, former T.W. Boag Honybee, length 27.0 ft), beam 8.0 ft
• Onaway (LT358),  British fisheries research vessel, 1928  requisitioned by the Admiralty during World War II as a boom-defence tender.
• Opeechee, schooner, built 1864 lost in Lake Erie Sept. 5, 1864. 
• USS Opeechee (SP-969), U.S. Navy motorboat, 1917–1918 
• Opechee, Canadian vessel, 1977, formerly Morgan D II  
• Owaissa, USS Owaissa (SP-659), U.S. Navy patrol vessel, 1917–1919 
• Owaissa, British yacht, built 1934 
• Owaissa, Canadian power yacht, built 1989 
• Ponemah, American screw launch, 1903 
• Ponemah, Erie ketch, 1979 
• Shingebis , Motor yacht 1960, 61-ft  previous names were Ancor and Rose Bay
• Wabun, yacht, 1892 
• Wawa, Canadian steam screw vessel, built 1901, 8.79 gross tons, renamed Kacymo 
• Wawa, Canadian vessel, built Nova Scotia, 1910, 33 feet 
• Wawa,  Canadian 1901.  steam vessel, 8.79 gross tons, later renamed Kacymo.  
• Wawa, British cargo ship,  1925, 1,650 gross tons.  . Scuttled at Hong Kong in December 1941 raised & repaired by the Japanese and renamed Awa Maru in 1942. Sunk by USS Queenfish  April 1945. 
• Wawanesa 66 × 22 ft, Vancouver, BC built 1917
• Wawanesa II 63.9 × 14.4 × 6.5 ft , Originally Klatawa (I), renamed Wawanesa in 1972 
• Note: two pairs of commissioned U.S. Navy vessels simultaneously bore the name USS Hiawatha & USS Nokomis. 
• Rudder Vol. 33, p.79 https://books.google.com/books?id=mS0jAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false

• Hiawatha, Iowa
• Ahmeek, Michigan
• Bena, Minnesota, Virginia
•  Dahinda Illinois, Saskatchewan 
• Hiawatha, Kansas (1857)
• Ishkoodah  /  Ishkooda, Alabama 
• Keewaydio possibly Kewadin, Michigan
• Manito, Illinois, Washington 
• Meenahga /  Menahga, Minnesota 
• Mishe-Mokwa, Wisconsin
• Mondamin, Iowa 
• Muskoda,  Alabama, Minnesota
• Nahma Michigan 
• Nokomis, Alabama 
• Nokomis, Florida 
• Nokomis, Illinois 
• Nokomis, Saskatchewan 
• Nokomis, Virginia 
• Nokomis, Wisconsin 
• Nokomis, Eastern Cape, South Africa
• Omemee, North Dakota, Ontario  
• Onaway, Michigan, Idaho, Onawa, Iowa
• Opechee, Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia Opechee 
• Osseo, Michigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin 
• Owaissa, Ontario
• Ponemah, Illinois, Manitoba, Minnesota, New Hampshire  
• Pukwana, South Dakota 
• Shawondasee, Dubuque County, Iowa 
• Wabasso, Alberta; Florida, Minnesota, Wisconsin 
• Wabeno, Wisconsin
• Wawbeek  Alabama, Wisconsin, Iowa 
• Wawa, Pennsylvania, Ontario 
• Wawonaissa /  Wawanesa, Manitoba 

• Keewaydio, Keewayden Key, Florida
• Keego Harbor, Michigan 
• Keego Lake, Wisconsin 
• Kenabeek Ontario, Quebec
• Kenozha Lake Massachusetts, New York 
• Lake Apukwa, Wisconsin 
• Lake Nokomis, Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Lake Nokomis, Manitoba 
• South Lake Nokomis, Manitoba 
• Lake Nokomis, Saskatchewan 
• Nushka Lake, Minnesota 
• Nokomis Lake, Nipissing District, Ontario 
• Nokomis Lake, Sudbury District, Ontario 
• Nokomis Creek, Nipissing District, Ontario 
• Nokomis Creek, Timiskaming District, Ontario 
• Onaway Lake Maine
• Ponemah  Lake Michigan 
• Wendigo Lake Ontario

• Nokomis neighborhood, Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Nokomis Memorial Park – City of Nokomis, Illinois 
• Lake Hiawatha Park – Minneapolis, Minnesota 
• Pau-Puk-Keewis Street: 1 in the United States 
• Hiawatha — 650 streets ,618 in the United States, 32 in Canada.
• Nokomis — 144 streets
• Keewaydin Drive, Salem, New Hampshire 
• Kwasind Street: 1 in Canada
•  Mudjekeewis Terrace, McHenry, Illinois 
• Mudjekeewis Trail, McHenry, Illinois
•  Mudjekeewis Trail, Medford Lakes, New Jersey   
• Mudjekeewis Wildlife Refuge, Michigamme Township, Michigan
• Onaway State Park 

• Hiawatha passenger lines & Locomotives 1–6 Milwaukee Road RR
• Hiawatha Theater Chicago, Ill 5452 STate St. 1913-15
• Hiawatha Theater 590 Downing Street, Denver, CO  1927-2024
• Hiawatha Theatre, Washington, D.C. 11th & U Streets NW 1910-
• Hiawatha Theatre, Gwinn, Michigan.  1937-57 
• Hiawatha Drive-In, Chassell, Michigan 
• Nokomis Shoes (since 1931) 
• Nokomis Produits de l'érable (Maple Products), Quebec
• Nokomis Golf Course, Saskatchewan
• Nokomis Theatre, 1915, Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Mudjekeewis Tribe 428 of the Improved Order of Redmen
• Wendigo Mine Ontario

Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha became one of the most widely translated works of American literature. Through editions published across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, generations of readers encountered Ojibwe names such as Hiawatha, Nokomis, Gitche Manito, Mudjekeewis, and Pau-Puk-Keewis in their own languages. While Longfellow's poem was a literary adaptation rather than an ethnographic account, its extraordinary international circulation extended the cultural and documentary footprint of the Ojibwe far beyond North America. The breadth of these translations demonstrates that Ojibwe names became part of the world's literary heritage.

 Documented translations include Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Uzbek. 

The geographic footprint created by The Song of Hiawatha extends well beyond the better-known names Hiawatha and Nokomis. In his 1991 study, Place Names From Longfellow's "Song of Hiawatha," Virgil J. Vogel identified numerous North American places bearing names drawn from the poem. His study includes both documented connections and cases where the connection is probable or suggested by similarity. The following list extracts the Ojibwe names identified by Vogel, minus their broader adoption into everyday life. The numbers indicate the number of places he located with each name.`

Nokomis [grandmother]12

Mudjekeewis [West Wind]1

Osseo [Son of the Evening Star] 4

Wabun / Wabuo [East Wind]2

Shawondasse [South Wind]1

Keewaydio [Northwest Wind]1 definite + 1 possible

Mondamin [corn/maize]1

Nushka [ear of corn]1

Onaway / Onawa / Onoway [uncertain]7

Manito / Manitou [spirit]numerous

Wendigo / Windigo [cannibal/giant spirit]numerous

Ahmeek [beaver]1

Bena [pheasant]2

Dahinda [bullfrog]2

Keego [slender fish]2

Kenabeek [serpent]2

Kenozha [pike]2

Mishe-Mokwa [Great Bear]1

Nahma [sturgeon]1

Omemee [pigeon]2

Opechee [robin]4 

Owaissa [bluebird]1

Wabasso [white rabbit]5+

Wawa [wild goose]2

Menahga [blueberry]1 possible

Apukwas [bulrushes/reeds]1

Ishkoodah [comet]1 probable

Muskoday / Muskoda [meadow]2 probable

Wawbeek / Waubeek / Wabeek [rock]4

Pukwana [smoke/smoke signal]1

Ponemah [hereafter/land of the departed] 

Chibiabos [spirit/ghost rabbit] 1 + 2 posible

The Hiawatha footprint entered motion pictures almost as soon as the new medium emerged.

*  1908, Joseph K. Dixon's Wanamaker expedition produced a motion-picture version of Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha, using Native performers.  Rodman Wanamaker was sufficiently impressed with the production that Dixon subsequently presented 311 illustrated Hiawatha lectures in Philadelphia and New York, reaching more than 400,000 people. The surviving expedition film is now preserved in the Smithsonian collections. 

*  1909, Carl Laemmle's Independent Moving Picture Company released Hiawatha, its first production, as a one-reel silent film based on Longfellow's poem.

*  1910   IMP, The Death of Minnehaha — sequel to Hiawatha 

*  1913, another Hiawatha appeared as a longer silent production, with Jesse Cornplanter portraying Hiawatha.

*  1952, Hiawatha entered color feature filmmaking. Directed by Kurt Neumann and produced by Walter Mirisch, the 78–80 minute feature was filmed in Cinecolor and released nationally by Monogram/Allied Artists. The story again drew directly from Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha. 

The Name Hiawatha made it to Australia. 

Hiawatha is a small locality in Victoria, Australia, in the Shire of Wellington, approximately 225 kilometers southeast of Melbourne. The locality appears in Victorian records as early as 1913. 

There is also Hiawatha Point, a locality in the Snowy Monaro region of New South Wales, in the Snowy Mountains near Kalkite. It lies at an elevation of approximately 902 metres. 

The story moved again—from literature into mass entertainment. Disney's Little Hiawatha carried Longfellow's literary Hiawatha into another generation of American children. Disney's 1937 animated character was not simply another use of a familiar name; it continued a literary tradition whose principal source was Ojibwa cultural material. 

From there, Hiawatha entered children's books, comics, merchandise, and international editions. The books shown here document that movement across languages and national markets, including French, Portuguese, Finnish, Spanish, Dutch, and others.

The publishers were not necessarily preserving Ojibwa culture out of altruism. They were publishing products they believed people would buy. That commercial decision is itself evidence of recognition: Hiawatha was sufficiently familiar and attractive to become a marketable children's character.

Longfellow's literary Hiawatha had traveled a remarkable distance—from Ojibwa cultural traditions into American literature, from literature into mass entertainment, and from American children's culture into books published for children across the seas.

And now the little feet were pounding that Ojibwa cultural footprint into another generation.

The following list was compiled by searching digitized historical newspapers, racing records, breed registries, pedigree databases, agricultural publications, and other surviving online sources. It is not intended to represent every horse ever given an Ojibwa name; rather, it documents the horses that can presently be identified in the accessible historical record. 

• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, foaled 1855. Sire: Albion (GB); dam: Wagner Mare (USA)Thoroughbred.  Bred by J. C. Guild. One of Guild's three most famous horses. Hiawatha won a two-mile-and-repeat race at the Albion Course at Gallatin and later won the first heat of a highly publicized four-mile match race at Nashville for $6,000 a side, in front of a large crowd and amid substantial betting 
• Hiawatha, Morgan stallion, foaled June 25, 1871, Plymouth, Maine. Black 
• Hiawatha, Morgan, foaled 1854. Sire: Jacksons Flying Cloud; dam: Timothy T. Jackson Mare. 
• Hiawatha, Hackney, foaled 1903. Sire: Rosador93; dam: Country Fashion5. 
• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, New Orleans, 1903. Recorded in a 6½-furlong purse race. 
• Hiawatha, Clydesdale stallion, Scotland, No. 10,067. A famous prize-winning draft horse Winner of the Cawdor Scottish Cup in 1898, 1899 and 1901.
• Hiawatha of Australia, Clydesdale, foaled 1904. New Zealand- descended from the famous Hiawatha 10,067. 
• Hiawatha, 1892 Toboggan Handicap winner out of Nina Turner, by Hiawatha. 
• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, foaled 1940. By Hyperion, out of Queen O'Roses. 
• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, foaled 1959. By Chamois, out of Indian Call. 
• Hiawatha, Missouri Fox Trotter. Sire: Redigo Red Man; dam: Lathrop's Daisy May. 
• Hiawatha, Swedish Warmblood, mare. Sire: Helmuth; dam: Fanny293. 
• Hiawatha, Miniature, mare. 
• Hiawatha, New Forest Pony, foaled 1968. Sire: Stafford Hat Band; dam: Merrie Belle L2. 
• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, foaled 1963. By Maki, out of Urisca. 
• Hiawatha, Bashkir Curly, foaled 1994. Sire: BB Bright Knight; dam: Squaw D. 
• Hiawatha, Clydesdale, foaled 1994. Sire: Prince Robert; dam: Old Darling. 
• Hiawatha, Standardbred, foaled 1985. Sire: Choctaw Brave; dam: Natalie52. 
• Hiawatha, Trakehner, foaled 1995. Sire: Pajou; dam: Hapache. 
• Hiawatha, Crossbred Pony, foaled 1995. Sire: Jisselvelidts Victory; dam: Golden Charm16. 
• Hiawatha, Thoroughbred, foaled 1998. Sire: Northern Baby; dam: Delta Lady2. 
• Hiawatha, Other breed, foaled circa 1958. 
• Hiawatha, Other breed, foaled 1996. Sire: Northern Bay; dam: Country Fashions5. 
•  Hiawath , bay colt, 1999 Ireland, by Danehill, out of Hi Bettina. He won the 7-furlong maiden at Down Royal on June 21, 2002. 
•  Hiawatha,  2019 Ireland
•  Hiawatha I, Quarter Horse, 1963 
•  Hiawatha Bay Bit, Quarter Horse, 1958  
•  Hiawatha Chief 1953, American Saddler named Hiawatha Chief led the 1945 rodeo parade. 
•  Hiawatha Cody, Quarter Horse, 1957 
•  Hiawatha Cody Junior  — 
•  Hiawatha Dancer — 
•  Hiawatha's Doll, Appaloosa  
•  Hiawatha Footprint 
•  Hiawatha Goldberg, Thoroughbred, South Africa.2025
•  Hiawatha Joe, Quarter Horse, 1951 
•  Hiawatha's Pride , Appaloosa mare,  1960, Alberta   
•  Hiawatha Red, Quarter Horse, 1955 
•  Hiawatha van de Gekahoeve, Friesian filly, Netherlands
•  Clever Hiawatha, Standardbred, a gray pacer, 1957 
•  Little Hiawatha, Miniature Horse, circa 1981  
•  Princess Hiawatha,  Thoroughbred. A Fasig-Tipton  she won 2 races, earned $66,686 
•  V-Key's Hiawatha, Standardbred mare, Indiana
•  Warrandyte Hiawatha, Spotted horse, 1981 

•  Nokomis, Morgan/Standard 1887
• Nokomis, Thoroughbred, foaled 1914. Stallion; sire: Kilogram; dam: Medicine Hat 2. 
• Nokomis, Thoroughbred, foaled 1949. Stallion; sire: Fair Trial; dam: Somerhill. A separate Thoroughbred from the 1914 horse.  
• Nokomis, Appaloosa, foaled 1956. Stallion; sire: Choya 2; dam: Dot 18. 
• Nokomis, Standardbred. Stallion; sire: Mambrino Chief; dam: Mrs. Caudle 2. 
• Nokomis, Thoroughbred, foaled 1992. Stallion; sire: Caerleon 20; dam: Nyoka. 
• Nokomis, Thoroughbred, foaled 1993. Mare; sire: Wise Times; dam: Deep Silver. 
• Nokomis — Dutch Warmblood, foaled 1995. Mare; sire: Armin 7; dam: In the Mood 14. 
• Nokomis — Irish Draught Sport Horse, foaled 2000. Stallion; sire: Rantis; dam: Cavalier Countess. 
• Nokomis — Nokota, foaled 2024. Stallion; sire: Blades of Glory 2; dam: Shadow Dancer 24. 
• Nokomis — Thoroughbred, foaled 2018. Stallion; sire: Orb; dam: Tally Ho Dixie
• Nokomis  —   bay mare Kentucky
• Nokomis du Grand Hersée — Friesian mare, foaled 2012. France
• Nuggets Nokomis — Appaloosa 

•  Chibiabos — chestnut, Thoroughbred, Great Britain, foaled 1892. By Chittabob.
•  Chibiabos FillyThoroughbred, chestnut, 1899, with Chibiabos, a 1892  
•  Gitche Manito, Thoroughbred, 1976, gelding; sire Apalachee, dam Lady Attica. 
•  Gitche Manito, Arabian, 1979, gelding; sire Zehros, dam Rosamunde4. 
•  Gitchie Manitou, Standardbred/Trotting stallion ca.1908
•  Ishkoodah, Thoroughbred, foaled 1959.
  1964 Kentucky Derby starter 
•  Keewaydin, Arabian stallion, foaled 1957
•  Keewaydin, Thoroughbred, foaled 1988.
•  Keewaydin, Thoroughbred colt, 2022
•  Kwasind, Thoroughbred racehorse, Australia, 1912.
•  Kwasind ,   1926 
•  Hickory Kwasind,  Appaloosa1971Stallion 
•  Mishe-Mokwa, Thoroughbred, foaled 1967 
•  Mondamin, Thoroughbred, foaled 1995.  
• Mudjekeewis — Arabian stallion, foaled 1979.  his pedigree Magento and Fairy Magic, with extensive Crabbet Arabian ancestry.
• Nahma — (USA), b. 1891 by Longfellow, out of Queen Beluga. 
• Nawadaha — Thoroughbred filly, foaled 1960. By Pipe of Peace, out of Philistia 
•  Nushka — Thoroughbred mare, foaled 1897.
  By Hagioscope, out of Wenonah, foaled in England. 
•  Omeemee — Arabian stallion, foaled 1965. 
•  Opechee — Thoroughbred, foaled 1991. 
•  Opechee — Appaloosa, foaled 1965 
•  Opechee  —  Thoroughbred, Ireland 2011 GeldingBay; winner over  fences; £7,886 chase earnings 
•  Osseo — Quarter Horse, foaled 1977 
•  Osseo — Thoroughbred, year listed as 0/unknown 
•  Pukwana — Morgan stallion, foaled 1957.   
• Shawondasee — Arabian stallion, foaled 1972. The pedigree record  by Paradazy, out of Shahrastani 
• Shawondasee — Thoroughbred mare, New Zealand; dam of Wabun (1990) 
•  Wabasso — Thoroughbred, Gelding, Australia; 11 wins, $383,410 
•  Wabun — Thoroughbred, foaled 1898. Sire: Sheen; dam: Wenonah 11 Won race in England 1902
•  Wabun — Thoroughbred, foaled circa 1903. Sire: Stepniak; dam: Ventoso 2 
•  Wabun  — Thoroughbred mare, New Zealand, 1990, by Sir Sydney out of Shawondasee; 7 starts.  

The significance of this footprint does not depend upon every use being a conscious acknowledgment of the Ojibwe. Quite the opposite. The widespread adoption of Ojibwe names demonstrates how thoroughly they became integrated into the cultural vocabulary of North America. A name such as Hiawatha or Nokomis could be placed on a town, a lake, a horse, a ship, a theater, a train, or a business without explanation because the name had already become familiar to the public. The very absence of explanation is part of the evidence: Ojibwe-derived names had become embedded in mainstream culture. 

https://www.allbreedpedigree.com/index.php?query_type=check&search_bar=horse&h=chibiabus&g=5&inbred=Standard

 When the U.S. Coast Guard station at Grand Marais closed in 2022 the Grand Portage Tribal Council had concerns about the loss of “Marine public safety" The chairman of the Grand Portage band testified to the Minnesota Legislature, describing the safety issues from the loss of the government rescue capability on the lake. That testimony, along with collaboration between the Tribe and Lake and Cook county leaders, led to $3 million in state funding for the creation of the Indigenous Coast Guard. Four coast guard coastal type watercraft were ordered. The Grand Portage band will receive two with one each to Cook and Lake counties Sheriff's Departments. The three entity partnership agreed to operate the vessels seasonally, May- November, providing coastal patrols, safety checks, and marine rescue.

The first craft was delivered 6 Sept. 2025, LOA 39 feet  It has twin 350-hp  outboard motors providng a 50 mph or 43 knot capability. Each craft will be equipped with GPS, radar, sonar, thermal and video imaging, autopilot, spotlights, sirens, and a towing winch.The GPB is the indigenious community to develop Coast Guard capabilities.

 © Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa

The name Chi-Cheemaun or"big canoe" in Ojibwe. In 1974 a province wide naming contest was held in Ontario with Chi-Cheemaun being the name chosen. wikicommons