BOOZHOO !

"Mikwendaagozi" is Ojibwe for "comes to mind, is recalled"

ca. 1816   Missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions or ABCFM were invited to teach at the trading posts of the American Fur Company in the Great Lakes region. The invite was accepted and the ABCFM quickly decided the Ojibwe should be taught in their own language. That necessitated a dictionary and alphabet for the Ojibwe language. It took several years for the people involved to reach a consensus on what they were going to use to standardize a non--standardized language, that had many local variations. Several missionaries took on the task so that they could preach or share their christian religion. Their efforts produced a language based upon encounted in the southwest Chippewa zone. It is what they they used to preach to the Ojibwe everywhere. Edmund F. Ely was one of those missionaries and wrote his experience in what are now called: "The Ojibwe Journals of  Edmund F. Ely, 1833–1849". https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1128&context=unpresssamples

1816  IRON CONFEDERACY or the  Nehiyaw Pwat:

 "Prior to 1816 the Metis of Pembina, White Horse Plains and Red River,  Plains Saulteaux, Plains Cree and Nakoda had formed the Iron Alliance composed of the Pembina, Little Shell, Turtle Mountain, Rocky Boy, Montana , St. Francois Xavier (Saulteaux Village) bands, the Crooked Lakes tribes of Cowessess Band, Ochapowace Band, Nakawiniuk (Wilkie’s) Band, L’Ous Fou (or Crazy Bear) Band, Canoe Band (Nakoda), Four Claws Band (Gordon Band, Plains Cree and Plains Saulteaux, Nekaneet Band, Carry the Kettle Band, Muscowequan Band, Beardy’s Band, Carlton Stragglers Band, Petaquakey Band (Muskeg Lake), Mistawasis Band, Dumont Band, Big Bear Band, Red Stone Band,  Maski Pitonew Band,  Bobtail (Piche) Band, the Moose Mountain group of White Bear Band, Striped Blanket Band, Prison Drum Band, Kahkewistahow Band and Sakimay Band." https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/149482.Nehiyaw%2520Pwat%2520encounters%2520revised.pdf

1816  The Battle of Seven Oaks.  Warriors of the the Iron Alliance joined the Cree Metis leader Cuthbert Grant or Wappeston (White ermine) fight the HBC. 

1816-33   “The United Tribes of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi  ” were a  as a collective unit in a series of treaties. This culminated in the Treaty of Chicago in 1833.  While the treaty mandated relocation, the fallout saw the tribes disperse. Many resisted and attempted to remain in Wisconsin and Michigan, while others fled north to Canada to avoid forced removal west of the Mississippi

1817  The HBC decided to trade guns to the Sioux at Selkirk. The Saulteaux were not pleased and attempted disrupt the transactions. That was not taken postively by the HBC whose primary interest was making money. 

1817  The Richmond Enquirer (Richmond, Va.), Oct. 21, 1817, p.3  is the oldest newspaper online to mention a Chippewa Treaty at the Library of Congress.

1818  The Longwoods Treaty (1818–1822) is unique. It was solely between the Crown and the Chippewa of the Thames. The treaty stipulates a cash annuity of $2,400, payable "FOREVER".

1819   "The only treaty (that we’re aware of) named after an Indigenous person is Treaty 19, or “the Ajetance Purchase”, signed with the Mississaugas of the Credit in 1818, and named for Chief James Ajetance (or Ajetans)."  https://activehistory.ca/blog/2018/11/05/a-short-history-of-treaty-nomenclature-in-ontario/#:~:text=The%20only%20treaty%20(that%20we're,(or%20Ajetans).%20A%20rather%20unusual

1819  Lewis Cass, Governor of Michigan Territory, inspected the legendary "Misko-biiwaabik".[66]

1819  Treaty with the Chippewa aka The Treaty of Saginaw. Large quantites of alcohol were provided to overcome the oppositon to the terms of this treaty. https://treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-chippewa-1820-0187

ARTICLE 4: In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States agree to pay to the Chippewa nation of Indians, annually, "FOR EVER", the sum of one thousand dollars in silver...  

1820  The Lewis Cass Expedition had ten native guides: five Chippewa, three Ottawa, one Potawatomi, and one Shawnee.[67]  With the expedition was the artist James Otto Lewis. He published his indigenous portraits in 1835-6 in The Aboriginal Port Folio the included many Ojibwa images. None of his original work survives. Some of the Ojibwa were: Wyangding (source of the winds), Oshashebaquato (many openings in the clouds), Wyamgboyeausha (scattered by the wind), Waubonequet (pale cloud), Omezekekezchie (the rays of light striking the earth).  At Sandy Lake more Chippewa joined making the total with Cass at least 16.

Also that year the government decided the U.S. needed a presence at Sault Ste. Marie.  However, the Treaty of 1815 had returned the land to the Chippewa so Lewis Cass was sent to make arrangements. His "arrangements" were to tell the Chippewa he was going to build a fort on their land. Many were unhappy with this "arrangement" Sassaba, brother of Chief Shin-ga-bo-wassin was so unhappy he went and got his British flag which Cass threw on the ground. The only thing that stopped blood from being shed was Jane Schoolcraft went and got Chief Shin-ga-bo-wassin.  

1820  Henry Schoolcraft was guided to the legendary "Misko-biiwaabik" by four Chippewa while doing a survey of Michigan.

1821  The Chippewa had a village at the confluence of the Little Calumet and Grand Calumet rivers near Chicago.

1822  On 27 July Schoolcraft learned that the Chippewa embraced the ancient concept of a person being a seer or prophetess when he met a grand daughter of Chief Wabojeeg called a "Jossakeed".[20]: ch. XI 

1822  ca. July Chief Flat Mouth informed Schoolcraft "that he lacked the authority or desire to stop his people from favoring the British." 

1822  On 31 July Schoolcraft wrote that Chippewa Mythology displayed advanced thinking in it's use of "mythological or allegorical tales to teach truths or illustrate some maxim".[20]: ch. XI 

1822  On 25 September Schoolcraft noted that the Chippewa counted decimally to 1000 but probably did not do math computation.[20]: ch. XII 

1822  On December 5 Schoolcraft recorded that it had been witnessed that Jossakeed could endure fire clothless unharmed.[20]: ch. XIV 

1823-4   Chief  Makadeshib or Black Duck of the Pembina band sent tabacco to the Ojibway of Rainy River as well as those at Lakes Winnipeg, Winnipegosis and Manitoba to go against the Sioux. Together with Chief Pegius he went looking for the Sioux but not finding any Pegius and his men headed north. Black Duck and his men then found a large Sioux village that they attacked and destroyed. Survivors escaped to another Sioux village and returned with a larger force. The Chief saw the situation was hopeless. He told his men to escape and he would stand against the Sioux so they could. A dozen stayed with him and died for their brothers.  Indian Tribes of the United States, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1884, State Historical Society of North Dakota, Volume 1, (1906) 

1824  The Wilke Chippewa palisaded Red Leaf Fort near Bismark ND. It was over-run and burnt by the Yanktonai Sioux. Fierce and violent competition for the buffalo ranges contiued until the tribes went to reservations.

1824  The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was created on March 11, 1824. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun administratively established the bureau within the War Department. It was later transferred to  the Department of the Interior in 1849 when that Department was created.

1826  Medals were given at the Fond-du-Lac Treaty according to Henry Rowe Schoolcraft.[68]  Gov. Cass  gave Chief Wab-o-jeeg III a medal simply for his appearance. p.375 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. Indian Tribes of the United States. (1884)O.G. Libby. Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Volume 1. (1906) 

1826  Schoolcraft described Chief Naugitshigome as "a chief by descent" with a following of relatives and supporters, yet declined to recognize him officially because of his "foreign attachments." Notably, Schoolcraft recorded that the chief possessed neither British nor American medals or flags, leaving the precise nature of those attachments open to interpretation. suggesting possible Native independence from the patronage systems of either government. 

Schoolcraft's 1826 journal includes a  a stout, athletic, young married man identified as "Ochipway," suggesting that forms of the tribal name could also be used as personal names or identifiers. 

1826  A 100 ton steam boat named Chippewa was recorded on Lake Erie. Commerce on Lake Erie, Daily National Intelligencer (Washington City D.C.), Sept. 27, 1826, p.3, Library of Congress

1827  The reserves at Kettle Point and Stoney Point were settled ca.1827 as independant communities.

1827  Schoolcraft was the first to really take note of the ancient garden beds that could be seen in Michigan. They were large, geometric and systematically constructed.They indicated a clear knowlege of agriculture prior to the arrival of Europeans. Their size indicated a communal effort and planning.

Ancient Garden Beds of Michigan, Amorin Mello, May 4, 2017. https://chequamegonhistory.com/category/1600s/

1827  The Nehiyaw Pwat or "Iron Confederacy" war pow-wow. Cuthbert Grant voted against war and the others followed his leadership though not all agreed according to oral history reported by Little Thunder a Red River Chippewa Michif. p.5 https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/149482.Nehiyaw%2520Pwat%2520encounters%2520revised.pdf 

1828  The Mississauga of Hiawatha First Nation established their Rice Lake Reserve.

1829  Rev. Jones tried to get good Chief Beyigishiqueshkam “one who steps over the sky,” of Walpole Island to convert to Christianity. The good Chief refused saying: “The white man makes the fire-water, he drinks, and sells it to the Indians, he lies and cheats the poor Indian. I have seen him go to his praying-house in (Fort) Malden, and as soon as he comes out I have seen him go straight to the tavern, get drunk, quarrel, and fight. Now the white man’s religion is no better than mine. I will hold fast to the religion of my forefathers.” Chief Beyigishiqueshkam was an Ohio Chippewa, born on the Maumee River who moved north possibly due to all the "whites" inundating the frontier. He is known to have been a strong supporter of the British. https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bauzhi_geezhig_waeshikum_7E.html

1829  A steam boat named Chippewa was reported on Chippewa Creek above Niagara Falls. The Massachusetts Spy, and Worcester County Advertiser (Worcester, Mass.), Sept. 19, 1827, p.3, Library of Congress

1830  Rama First Nation Reserve was established ca 1830 but was moved in 1836 to  the east shore of Lake Couchiching. 

1830  The Coldwater-Narrows reserve was formed. It was established by the British for the Chippewas of Lakes Simcoe and Huron. In 1836 it was sold from under the tribe and they were moved to Rama Township. 

1830  The hostillities between the Sioux and Chippewa reached such a level that a military expedition was ordered to intervene according to Schoolcraft.[20]: ch. XXXV 

1830  President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to remove Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to the west side  offering land in exchange. 

1830  Chief Clear Sky was buried at Chippewa Hills, Kansas. According to his obituary: Frances McCoonse (1800-1868) Western Home Journal, Ottawa, Kansas, Jan. 30, 1868, p. 3, he was in a group of Canadian Chippewa that went to the the courts of England and France in 1830 and he addressed Paraliment. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/43833412/frances-mccoonse#view-photo=173037975  The closest event that is simular to this narritive is the 1825 trip of the Canadian Huron to England. His headstone is in the gallery. 

ca.1831  Chief Neenába's map of the Chippewa/Sioux demarcation line on the St. Croix River.[69]

1831  At Rice lake Henry Schoolcraft recorded sighting two medals of Chief Peesh-a-Peevely's of the Ottawa Lake band. Ogeima Geezhick (Chief-Day) had one, a Jefferson Peace Medal while a warrior had the other, a British King George II.[20]

1831 is an important year in Ojibwe Chippewa history. Father Baraga arrived in Cincinnati and met William Makatebinessi, a fellow theological student and 100% Ottawa who introduced him to the Ottawa dialect of the Ochipwé language. Father Baraga wrote the standard dictionary in use today and he named it neither "Ojibwe" nor "Chippewa". It is the "Otchipwe" Dictionary.     

1831-2  Frederick Ayer (missionary) opened a school for Chippewa and "half breed" children at the American Fur Company's trading post at La Point, Michigan Territory moving later to the Company's main trading post at Sandy Lake, Michigan Territory.[70]  In 1843 he moved again to Fort Ripley.

1832  Henry Schoolcraft employed a Chippewa head-man, Ozawindib, as his guide into the Northwest Territory. Part of his mission was to achieve peace between the Sioux and the Chippewa. In July Schoolcraft recorded Chief Flat mouth stated: “it was decreed by the Great Spirit that hatred and war should ever exist between the Sioux and themselves; that this decree could never be changed; and the Chippewas must ever act accordingly." [43]

Ozawindib guided Schoolcraft to the headwaters of the Mississippi.  It flowed from a lake known to the Ojibwa and traders as Omashkoozo-zaagaigan or Lac la Biche meaning Elk Lake. Schoolcraft renamed it Lake Itasca. 

Schoolcraft's wife, O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua aka Jane, was the grand daughter of Civil and War Chief Wau-bo-jeeg or "White-Fisher". O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua is noted for translating Ojibwa oral tales, oral history, and song lyrics to English.  Also, for being the first Native American literary writer and poet.[71][72] 

1832-3  Father Bellecourt began his mission to the Chippewas on the Assiniboine River, By 1839 he and the Chippewa had created the mission village and school, Baie-Saint-Paul. The first students were Saulteaux.

1833  Reverend Frederick Ayer established a mission school at Yellow Lake, Michigan Territory, for the Yellow Lake, St. Croix band. His presence created acrimony within the tribe, with one group telling him he had to go. Two years later he moved to the mission at Pokegama Lake, west of the St. Croix river with the Snake River band. 

1833  Father Baraga opened his first school at Indian Lake Michigan.  He opened other schools at: Arbre Croche (1833-1835), Grand River (1833-1835), LaPointe (1835-1843), and L'Anse (1843-1853). They all taught Ojibwe. He published the following books for the students: "A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language " (1853, 1878 Part I, English-Otchipwé) and 1880 (Part II, Otchipwé-English), "A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language"(1850, 1878), and a prayer book, "Katolik Gagike-Masinaigan"(1846, 1858) 

1833 Treaty of Chicago ceded the lands of the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie tribes and awarded the Chiefs the Andrew Jackson Peace Medal.[73]  In the treaty $5,000 was allocated for those tribe's children to attend the Choctaw Academy, the first boarding school in the U.S.[74] $5,000.00 equates to $187,895.24 in 2024.

In addition, the treaty granted the Pottawatomie, Chippewa, and Ottawa five million acres on the Missouri River immediately north of the State of Missouri in Article 2. Together they were referred ot as the United Bands.   Between 1836 to 38 most on the bands had been moved to a reservation at Council Bluffs or south to the Osage River south of the State of Missouri.  A report filed in 1844 states that the Chippewa had filed multiple complaints that the Sioux had murdered and stolen from the Chippewa. (see 1844)  Today the decendents of the United Bands live on the Prairie Band of Potawatomis reservation in Kansas. https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4150.ct002299/?r=-0.282,0.003,1.783,0.902,0

1833  A new steam boat named Chippewa was running between Cincinnati and St. Louis. The National Republican and Cincinnati Daily Mercantile Advertiser, Feb. 25, 1833, p.3, Library of Congress

1834  Chief Kahkewaquonaby or "Sacred Feathers" aka Peter Jones of the  Mississauga River Credit band, received a personalized Chief's Medal from King William IV at Buckingham Palace. Also that year the "Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language" by John Summerfield was published.

1834  The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834 prohibited "white settlement west of the Mississippi making it "Indian Territory"

1834  The Beausoleil First Nation located to the Coldwater Narrows Reserve in 1834-42.  In 1842 they were displaced to Beausoleil Island, and 1856 were displaced to Christian Island where they reside today. 

Winter 1835-36  Father Baraga wrote a prayer book:  Otchipwé Anamie-Masinaigan.

1836  Joseph Nicollet engaged Snake-River Chippewa Chief Chagobay to be his guide during his mapping of the upper Mississippi basin.[75][76] Henry Schoolcraft used Nicollet's notes on the Chippewa in the his six-volume set on the Indian Tribes of the United States (1851-1857) commissioned by Congress. They are now in the Schoolcraft papers at the Library of Congress.[77]

1836  It was recorded that the Rocky Mountain Saulteaux from Alberta made the trek east to the Red River to meet Father Belcourt at Baie St. Paul. https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/13795.Manitoba%20Metis%20Communities.pdf

1836  The Chippewas of the River Thames Garden Reserve was created in 1836 as part of the Canada Company land agreement. 

1836  The Bond Head Treaty  set aside Manitoulin Island for the Wiikwemkoong First Nation.

1836  Walpole Island Indian Reserve was established.

1836   Augustin Hamelin, Jr. or Kanapima (one who is talked of), was made a Chief to act on behalf of the Ottawa and Chippewa tribes with the U. S. government.  

ca. 1836-41  A large battle Chippewa - Sioux battle in Wisconsin Territory took place.  Over 300 Chippewa were killed including the Rabbit Lake chief which elevated a 16 year old to chieftanship, May-zhuck-ke-shig.  He was with Chief Hole-in-the-day I when they encountered an equal size Sioux war party near St. Paul, Wisconsin Territory. The battle was a total Chippewa victory.  He was also at the Battle of Shakopee in 1858 that some historians state was the last major encounter of the Sioux and Chippewa, that is known. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/263625801/chief_may-zhuc-ke-ge-shig-lowering_sky  He signed the treaty of 15 Sept 1862 at Crow Wing and offered to fight the Sioux.

1837  Alderville Reserve was created when the Wesleyan Methodist Mission,  on Grape Island 1826 was transferred in Alnwick Township on Rice Lake, Ontario. It has been home to the Mississauga Anishinabeg since they relocated from their traditional lands on the Bay of Quinte 

1837  Mississauga Chief Shah-wun-dais or "Sultry heat", presented his tribe's land claims to the government of Upper Canada as well as to Queen Victoria during his visit to England that year. He was born near Black river New York.

1837  That year about 300 Black River and Swan Creek Chippewa and Ottawa moved to Kansas becoming the Chippewa and Munsee Tribe of Kansas. Chief Francis McCoonse or Esh-ton-o-quot (Clear Sky) of the Swan Creek band later signed a treaty with a small band of Christian Munsee Indians, in 1859, to form the Chippewa Hills reservation, (7x2.5 miles in area) west of Ottawa, Kansas. (Treaty with the Chippewa, ect., 1859) That reservation was dissolved in 1864.  They were later forced to move to Oklahoma Indian Terrtory were they were assimulated. That band received it's last payment from the government in 1900. "An Historical Analysis of the Saginaw, Black River and Swan Creek Chippewa Treaties of 1855 & 1864", p.19-34, Anthony G. Gulig, Dept.of History University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. 

https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/gulig-report.pdf 

https://www.poconorecord.com/story/news/state/2020/09/17/munsee-tribe-forms-partnership-with/1076888007/

Clear Sky was buried at Chippewa Hills, KS.  According to his 1830 obituary he was in a group of Canadian Chippewa that went to the the courts of England and France where he addressed Paraliment. Feb. 9, 1856, the Opelousas Patriot lists 44 Swan Creek Chippewa in Kansas. "The United Bands" from the 1833 Chicago Treaty became the Prairie Band of Potawatomis.

1838  Reverend Peter Dougherty established a mission and school on  Old Mission Peninsula near Traverse City, Michigan where he taught in the Ojibwe Chippewa language. In 1844 he published "A Chippewa Primer" in Chippewa. In 1847 he published "Short Reading Lessons in the Ojibwa Language" and "Easy Lessons in Scripture History in the Ojibwa Language".

1838  Chief Kahkewaquonaby or Peter Jones was granted an audience with Queen Victoria. In native clothes he presented a formal petition from the Mississauga chiefs, which included their pictographic signatures, requesting deeds to their lands.  

1838  "A Brush Between the Sioiux - Chippewa" was reported on the Chippewa River.  The dead were 1 Sioux and 5 Chippewa. The Sioux were reported for cannibalism. The Native American, Washington, D.C. Aug. 25, 1838, p.3, Library of Congress (copy from Detroit Advertiser)

1839  Several Sioux-Chippewa skirmishes were reported by Fort Snelling with 100's dead. Morning star (Limerick, Me.), Aug.21, 1839, p.69, Library of Congress

1839  Round Lake Massacre where the Dacotah killed 91 Chippewa.[78]

1839  Speech of Chief Beyigishiqueshkam to Colonel Jarvis on Walpole Island September 1839. https://digitalarchiveontario.ca/objects/288062/speech-of-the-indian-chief-beyigishiqueshkam-to-colonel-jarv?ctx=46faa3bb66d0bb4a3b25a50dfe74e46171ff97d4&idx=5

1839  Chief Hole-in-the-day led 1,000 Chippewa to Fort Snelling to try to force the Indian agent to move the Mississippi Chippewa annuity payment from La Pointe, Wiaconsin to Fort Snelling to no avail.

1839  Four Chippewa Sioux battles reported: St. Croix River, Lake Pepin on the Lower St. Croix, Rum River and one above St. Anthony Falls. At Rum River the Chippewa lost 134 Men, women, and children. The battle at St. Anthony falls was described as large.

Image 2 of Daily national Intelligencer (Washington City [D.C.]), Aug. 26, 1839, Image 2 of Morning herald (New York [N.Y.]), August 8, 1839

1839  Father Bellecourt wrote a Salteaux grammar, "Principes de la langue des sauvages appelés Sauteux" published in Quebec. He followed that with his "Dictionnaire sauteux" printed in 1874.  He is also credited with  translateing a catechism for the diocese of Quebec into Chippewa.

ca. 1840s St. Croix Chippewa victory against the Sioux at Yellow Lake according to Chief Ye-on-Gesic.

"A Famous Chippewa Chief who fought against the Sioux" Stillwater daily gazette. Pub. Date December 26, 1903, p.2 

"Indian against Indian" The Slayton Gazette and Murray County pioneer, July 7, 1904, p.6

ca. 1840s  Rev. James Evans developed an Ojibwe syllabic writing system that was inspired by Pitman shorthand. 

1840  Chippewa Copper Mining Company, Ontonagon County Michigan began operations.

1840 Schoolcraft recommended three Michigan counties be named for Chippewa Chiefs that would exist three years. Two had supported the US in the war of 1812, Chiefs Cheonoquet and Negwegon. While Saginaw Chief Keshkauko was known for his anti-American feelings. Those three counties were renamed in three years. The US government provided pensions and bounty land warrents to Native Americans who fought for the U.S. but, benefits were difficult to get due to documentation requirements. Acts in 1871 and 1878 expanded benefits for surviving soldiers and widows. Today there is a MichiganState park named for Chief Negwegon. (see map, Gallery #1, sources conflict if they were Chippewa or Ottawa)

Names, 23(3),"Naming Michigan's Counties.", Albert H. Marckwardt, p.180-189, 1975 

1840s  Newspapers in Iowa Territory mention arrivals of a riverboat named the "Chippewa" from St. Louis and St. Peters (Fort Snelling).

1840-45  Chief Maungwudaus with his Walpole island Ojibbeway toured Europe.  In 1845 they joined the artist George Catlin in London. Catlin received a summons to Paris from King Louis Philippe I where the Ojibbeway and Ioway joined him.[6]  In Paris the Ojibbeway's also met the King and Queen of Belgium.[79]  The group suffered an outbreak of smallpox that killed seven of them. In 1848 Chief Maungwudaus published a book about the Ojibbeway travels and joining George Catlin in: "An Account of the Chippewa Indians Who Have been Travelling Among the Whites in the United States, England, Ireland, Scotland, and France." In 2002 a painting of Maungwudaus by Paul Kane sold for $2.2 million.[82] 

1842   The Lavallée Massacre happened while 600 Chippewa Métis hunters were out to the Sheyenne River. While gone the Sioux came and killed 150 women, children, and elders. 

• 1841 The Secretary of War ordered the "Misko-biiwaabik" be seized and brought to Washington as Government property.

1842  Chief and medicine man Bauzhi-geezhig-waeshikum or  One Who Steps Over the Sky died on Walpole Island. He was born on the Maumee River in Ohio. He was known as a firm traditionalist rejecting all missionaaries and their work. 

1842  "Indian Battle" was reported. Sioux lost 13 with 18 wounded while the Chippewa lost 5. The Ohio Democrat, Jul. 28, 1842, p.2, Library of Congress.

1842  The Battle of Battle Creek in St. Paul, Wisconsin Territory.  The Chippewa attacked the Sioux at the original Koposia village site east of the Mississippi. The Sioux forced the Chippewa to retreat despite suffering heavier losses. The Chippewa lost 10 men. The battle ground is now a public park that has been extensively disturbed by Ramsey County Parks including the destruction of the Medicine man's cave.[80][81]

1842-3   The Dead Lake Massacre was an Otter tail Chippewa village attacked by the Sioux while the men were gone on a hunt. The dead were 40 woman, children and elders.  http://becker.mngenweb.net/pioneerhistory/ch13.htm

1843  The Mississuagas of Scugog Island First Nation returned to their lands, that they had been displaced from, and that they purchased to create the reserve that exists today.

1843  The artist George Catlin set up an exhibition of  his artwork and native Americn Artifacts in the Egyptian Hall in London. Initially, he had a group of 9 Chippewas of Sarnia on the St. Clair River, Ontario  join him. They were in London as part of Arthur Rankin's "Wild West" show as well as to see the Queen about land issues. They preformed for her in December. After 7 months Rankin and Catlin split and the Ojibbeway departed with Rankin for Europe. That group consisted of : 

*  Ah-quee-we-zaints (The Boy age 75) painted by Catlin

*  Pat-an-a-quot-a-wee-be (Driving Cloud, age 35, a war-chief, who fought in the War of 1812)

*  Wee-nish-ka-wee-be (Flying Gull, medicine man)  Catlin exhibition catalog  entry no. 59C: Cartoon No. 59. 

*  Sah-mah (Tobacco), and Gish-ee-gosh-e–gee (Moonlight Night)

*  two young men with their wives, Not-een-a-akm (Strong Wind, interpreter, the son of M. Cadotte), two women called Wos-see-ah-e-neuh-qua and Ne-bet-neuh-qua plus a girl, Nib-nab-ee-qua.

https://showsoflondon.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/kate-flint-pdf2.pdf   

A group of 14 Ioway joined Catlin, as did Chief Maungwudaus' troupe of 11 Ojibbeway from Walpole Island in 1845:

*  Maun-gua-daus (Great Hero, Chief, age 41)

*  Say-say-gon (Hail-Storm, age 31)

*  Ke-che-us-sin (Strong Rock, age 27)

*  Mush-she-mong (King of the Loons, age 25)

*  Au-nim-muck-kwak-um (Tempest Bird, age 20)

*  A-wun-ne-wa-be (Bird of Thunder, age 19)

*  Wau-bud-dick (Elk, age 18)

*  U-je-jock (Pelican, age 10)

*  Noo-din-no-kay (Furious Storm, age 4)

*  Min-nis-sin-noo (Brave Warrior, age 3)

*  Uh-wus-sig-gee-zigh-gook-kway, Woman of the Upper World, wife of Chief Maun-gua-daus, age 38)

https://indigenousdance.ca/en/renewal/non-native-entertainment/ 

Smallpox killed most of this group.

1843  Three Grand Portage Chiefs told U.S. officals they considered themselves British subjects.

1844  Strong Wind, the interpreter with Maungwudaus' troupe, was married in St. Martin's Church on Trafalgar Square in London.

1844  H.R. Rep. No. 519, 28th Cong., 1st Ses. (1844) Removal of the Chippewa, Ottowa, and Potta Watomie Indians, University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1564&context=indianserialset  Council Bluffs  5/5/1846 and Potawatomi Creek Osage River 5/17/1846

1844  The Ojibwa-Jesuit debate at Walpole Island, 1844

CHIEF OSHAWANA quote: "You come here brother thinking that you will teach us Wisdom, but do not imagine that the native people are fools.  They possess whatever knowledge they need... You, man with the hat, you have received from your elders a way of seeking the Light that the Great Spirit has given you.  You have lost your way, you have rejected it.  And I, a native man, I have received from my elders a totally different way of seeking the light." 

1845  Catlin received a summons from the King of France, Louis Phillippe I. Both the Ioway preformers and Maungwudaus' troupe traveled to Paris with Catlin. The King was so taken with both the Ioway and Ojibbeway he gave them  medals, gold for the Chiefs, silver to the others. The King then asked they return the medals so he could have them personalized with their names engraved. The King wanted 15 of Catlin"s paintings and picked 3 of the Ojibbeway he wanted painted:  A-wun-ne-wa-be, Ud-je-jock and  Wau-bud-dick. All three paintings are now in the Smithsonian.  Catlin also wrote a book about the 1845 experience: 

"Adventures of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in England, France. and Belgium", Geo. Catlin, Vol. II, p.213,  GUTENBERG EBOOK 44777, 2025, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44777/44777-h/44777-h.htm#Page_27

*  The Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma has the medal King Louis Phillippe I gave to A-wun-ne-wa-he with his name is engraved on the reverse. https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/6558

*  The noted French Romantic painter Eugene Delacroix did five pen and ink drawings of the visiting Ojibbeway that are now in the collections of the Louvre in Paris.  https://canada-culture.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Artist-Statement-v2.pdf

1846  Ratified Indian Treaty 247: Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi - Agency on the Missouri River near Council Bluffs and at Potawatomi Creek near the Osage River, June 5 and 17, 1846.  In this treaty the Unified tribes of the Chippewa, Ottowa, and Potta Watomie Indians gave up the entire 5 million acres from the 1833 Chicago Treaty. A new 30 square mile reservation was created in Kansas named for the Potta-Watomie.  

Reference to the "United Band of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceases west of the Mississippi with this treaty. Afterwards "the Potawatomi" is used instead and the Chippewa and Ottawa "disappear" and cease to be identified in Iowa or Kansas.

https://digitreaties.org/treaties/treaty/175516208/

1847  The Mississaugas of the Credit were moved to their current reserve lands.

1847  George Copway, a Chippewa  Methodist minister, published his autobiography, The Life, History, and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh which became a best seller. About his mother he wrote: “She was as good a hunter as any of the Indians. She could shoot the deer and the ducks flying as well as they "

1848  The Port of New Orleans post the arrival of a ship named Chippewa out of New York. The New York Herald, May 27, 1848, p.4

1848  The Métis and Chippawa led by Chief Old Red Bear fought the Sioux at the Battle at Olga (O'Brien's Coulee) and the Bataille des la Rivière Outarde (Battle of Goose River). In both battles the Metis and Chippewa held off a superior Dacotah force. At Olga there were 800 Metis and 200 Chippewa, including Chiefs Red Bear and Little Shell II. The Metis were led by Jean Baptiste Wilkie whose mother was a 100% Chippewa. 

https://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/11908

1848  Chief Buffalo of the La Pointe band of Lake Superior Chippewa led a delegation to Washington to President Polk. They got to meet him in February of 1849 and were well received. However, Polk was a lameduck President at that point. Nothing came of the meeting.

1849  President Zachary Taylor gave Chief Maungwudaus an Indian 

Peace Medal.

1849  The Mica Bay Uprising, Mica Bay Incident or the Michipicoten War. The uprising was over indigenious land rights and treaty violations on Lake Superior at Mica Bay. The group included: Chief Shingawukonse (Garden River), Chief Nebenaigoching (Baatchewawa), Chief Oshawana (Walpole Island) as well as an American Chief with some of his band and the metis Eustace Lesage and Charles Boyer. However, the incident impacted the Robinson Treaties the nest year.

Nov. 10, 1849  The American schooner Chippewa evacuated the women and children from the mine.

https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/bcp-pco/Z1-1991-1-41-160-eng.pdf 

p.79 https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/bcp-pco/Z1-1991-1-41-160-eng.pdf

1849  Minnesota Territory was created with 9 counties. The largest was named Pembina using the Chippewa name for the high cranberry bush.  When the state was created Pembina county disappeared east of the Red River in Minnesota. It remained west of the Red River in Dakota Territory and was retained by the state of North Dakota.

1849  Chief Buffalo of the La Pointe band of Lake Superior Chippewa again  led a delegation to present a birch bark scroll to President Zachary Taylor in Washington. The President refused to meet them. He believed in  white cultural superiority, however, he gave Native American warriors credit and even admired their guerrilla tactics. He was known to have complained that the Native Americans he encountered displayed superior discipline to that of his forces. 

1849  In the summer of 1849 Louis Agassiz traversed Lake Superior from Sault Ste. Marie to Michipicoten to Manitoulin Island and finally ending at Penetanguishine, Ontario. J. Elliott Cabot recorded the trek noteing many encounters with Ojibwas “speaking various dialects”

https://musee-yverdon-region.ch/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EarlyWoodlandsMaterialattheMusedYverdon.pdf, p.28

1849  A battle between the Red Lake and Pillager Chippewas and the Sioux was reported by Winnebago Agent J. E. Fletcher in the area of Cass, Leech   and Winnibigoshish.

ca. 1850s  Chippewa Sioux battle on Minnesota Point at Duluth, Minnesota.

In 1895 the Chippewa held a victory commemorati

1850  31st Congress, Doc. No. 51,  Pembina Settlement: 

 Nov. 1849  From: S. Woods, Bevet Major, Commanding Expedition to the Red River, Fort Snelling Minnesota Territory. 

pages 2-36 Major Woods

pages 36-43 Father G.A. Belcourt Missionary

* p.22,  "The general term "Pillager Chippewas" is applied to the bands occupying the country near Otter-Tail Lake, Red Lake, Pembina. They yeild no obedience to, or acknowledgement, of a head chief. They have participated in none of the treaties held with the Chippewas and have received no annuities from the United States."

* p.24  Because the Chippewa had no leader Major Wood recommended three men for the people to consider. After some discussion they agreed to his suggestions: 

 : Sakikwanel-Green Feather, head chief

 :  Majekkwadjiwau-End of Current, 1st chief                                                                                              

 : Kakakanawakkagan-Long Legs, 2nd chief 

* p. 25  A large battle between the Red Lake Chippewa & half-breeds and the Sioux happened south of Devils Lake 1848, with both sides taking scalps.

* p. 26-30 Half-breeds

* p. 36-40 Chippewas

* p.39  Western Chippewas and Mandan peace treaty 1843, hieroglyphics,

ritural canibalism.

* p.43  Father Belcourt built two schools with one teaching in the Ojibwe language.  

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/SERIALSET-00577_00_00-013-0051-0000/pdf/SERIALSET-00577_00_00-013-0051-0000.pdf

*   Atikameksheng Anishnawbek First Nation formerly known as Whitefish Lake First Nation was surveyed in 1851. 

*  Batchewana First Nation Reserve  was established but, in 1859 the Pennefather Treaty took all of it except Whitefish Island. 

*  Dokis First Nation reserve was not surveyed until the 1890s.  

* Garden River Reserve was created near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and surveyed in 1852.

*  Gull Bay First Nation was promised a reserve but is was not surveyed until the 1880's. Then an error was made that took 160 odd years to correct.  it was surveyed as 16 square leagues instead of 16 square miles.

*  Henvey Inlet First Nation

*  M’Chigeeg First Nation reserve was surveyed in 1850.

*  Magnetawan First Nation reserve was surveyed in 1853.

*  Mississauga First Nation

*  Nipissing First Nation

*  Ojibways of Garden River reserve was surveyed in 1852.

*  Pays Plat First Nation Reserve was surveyed 1885 even though the band did not sign the 1850 treaty

*  Sagamok Anishnawbek  reserve lands were established as the Spanish River Indian Reserve No. 5.

*  Serpent River First Nation was surveyed in 1853.

*  Shawanaga First Nation, signed the treaty but Shawanaga Indian Reserve No. 17 was not surveyed until 1982.

*  Sheguiandah First Nation reserve was surveyed in 1851.

*  Sheshegwaning First Nation was not surveyed until 1896.

*  Thessalon First Nation was surveyed that year.

*  Wahnapitae First Nation reserve was established as Indian Reserve No. 11, as a two-mile square miles near Lake Nipissing. 

*  Wasauking First Nation lands were first established but not surveyed until 1967 or recorded until 2002.

*  Whitefish River First Nation on Lake Huron was surveyed in 1850.

*  Wilkwemkoong Unceded Territory

*  Zhiibaahaasing First Nation was formerly known as Cockburn Island First Nation did not have the reserve surveyed until 1938. 

The Robinson Huron treaty, was a first in that it ensured Indigenous people could hunt and fish on the “ceded territory.” 

 FIRST:  Chief Joseph Pean-de-chat and his Tribe, the reserve to commence about two miles from Fort William (inland), on the right bank of the River Kiminitiquia thence westerly six miles, parallel to the shores of the lake; thence northerly five miles; thence easterly to the right bank of the said river, so as not to interfere with any acquired rights of the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company.

SECOND:  Chief Totominai and Tribe, Four miles square at Gros Cap, being a valley near the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company's post of Michipicoton.

THIRD:  Chief Mishimuckqua and Tribe, Four miles square on Gull River, near Lake Nipigon, on both sides of said river.

Signed, sealed and delivered at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028978/1581293296351  

First:  Pamequonaishcung and his Band, a tract of land to commence seven miles, from the mouth of the River Maganetawang, and extending six miles east and west by three miles north.

Second:  Wagemake and his Band, a tract of land to commence at a place called Nekickshegeshing, six miles from east to west, by three miles in depth.

Third:  Kitcheposkissegan (by Papasainse), from Point Grondine westward, six miles inland, by two miles in front, so as to include the small Lake Nessinassung a tract for themselves and their Bands.

Fourth:  Wabakekik, three miles front, near Shebawenaning, by five miles inland, for himself and Band.

Fifth:  Namassin and Naoquagabo and their Bands, a tract of land commencing near Qacloche, at the Hudson Bay Company's boundary; thence westerly to the mouth of Spanish River; then four miles up the south bank of said river, and across to the place of beginning.

Sixth:  Shawenakishick and his Band, a tract of land now occupied by them, and contained between two rivers, called Whitefish River, and Wanabitaseke, seven miles inland.

Seventh:  Windawtegawinini and his Band, the Peninsula east of Serpent River, and formed by it, now occupied by them.

Eighth:  Ponekeosh and his Band, the land contained between the River Mississaga and the River Penebewabecong, up to the first rapids.

Ninth:  Dokis and his Band, three miles square at Wanabeyakokaun, near Lake Nipissing and the island near the Fall of Okickandawt.

Tenth:  Shabokishick and his Band, from their present planting grounds on Lake Nipissing to the Hudson Bay Company's post, six miles in depth.

Eleventh:  Tagawinini and his Band, two miles square at Wanabitibing, a place about forty miles inland, near Lake Nipissing.

Twelfh:  Keokouse and his Band, four miles front from Thessalon River eastward, by four miles inland.

Thirteenth:  Mishequanga and his Band, two miles on the lake shore east and west of Ogawaminang, by one mile inland.

Fourteenth:  For Shinguacouse and his Band, a tract of land extending from Maskinongé Bay, inclusive, to Partridge Point, above Garden River on the front, and inland ten miles, throughout the whole distance; and also Squirrel Island.

Fifteenth:  For Nebenaigoching and his Band, a tract of land extending from Wanabekineyunnung west of Gros Cap to the boundary of the lands ceded by the Chiefs of Lake Superior, and inland ten miles throughout the whole distance, including Batchewanaung Bay; and also the small island at Sault Ste. Marie used by them as a fishing station.

Sixteenth:  For Chief Mekis and his Band, residing at Wasaquesing (Sandy Island), a tract of land at a place on the main shore opposite the Island; being the place now occupied by them for residence and cultivation, four miles square.

Seventeenth:  For Chief Muckatamishaquet and his Band, a tract of land on the east side of the River Naishconteong, near Pointe aux Barils, three miles square; and also a small tract in Washauwenega Bay -- now occupied by a part of the Band -- three miles square.

Signed, sealed and delivered at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028984/1581293724401

1850  President Zachary Taylor revoked the Wisconsin Chippewa treaties giving them reservations. To induce them to leave, their annuity payments were moved to Sandy Lake west of the St. Croix river. That resulted in the  Sandy Lake Tragedy.  Also that year the Minnesota Pioneer reported that Little-Crow had challenged Hole-in-the-day to a knife duel.[83]  Two years later President Filmore recinded Taylors removal orders and moved payments back to Madeline Island. 

1850 Chippewa Sioux treaty at Fort Snelling, initiated by Governor Ramsey.

 The Minnesota Pioneer, Jun. 13, 1850, MNHS, 2023. https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=10331369-e653-4695-8ed2-42e0dd98fa6c%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFIOP55%2F50061301 

1850  "The Ojibway Conquest", novel published by Chief Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh, George Copway Mississaugas Ojibwa. The enemy in the book are the Sioux. 

1850   “Act for the protection of the Indians in Upper Canada from Imposition, and the property occupied or enjoyed by them from trespass and injury.” 

1851  Chippewa Sioux hostilities were reported starting with the death of a single Chippewa and 180 "Warpeton" heading for Mille Lacs and more towards the St. Croix in Minnesota Territory.   

Image 2 of American Telegraph (Washington D.C.), May 29, 1851, Library of Congress.

1851  Battle of the Grand Coteau, It started  with a larger Sioux war party attacking a St. Francois Xavier Brigade. They reinforced the next day by the larger Red River/Pembina Brigade, under Jean Baptiste Wilkie, forcing the Sioux to break off. This ended a seven year peace.

1851  Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act that created the reservation system. Four reservations were reestablished in Wisconsin three years later. Two tribes were not included, St. Croix and Mole Lake bands.

1852  William Whipple Warren recorded Ojibwa oral History which was not published until 1880 titled: "History of the Ojibway People, Based upon Traditions and Oral Statements" that is considered a landmark book in Ojibwa studies. His father was "white" and the Ojibwe have a patrilineal system. Children are considered to be born into their father's clan and lines of descent.[8] Those born to a non-Ojibwe father have no clan or formal place within the tribe, unless specifically adopted by a man of the tribe.  His father was a decendent of Richard Warren one of the Mayflower Pilgrams.[84] His mother was the granddaughter of Chief White Crane of the Chequamegon Chippewa" band. 

1852  Chief Buffalo of the La Pointe band of Lake Superior Chippewa met with U.S. President Millard Fillmore.

1852  Round Lake Chippewa village massacre by the Sioux near Coon Rapids, Minnesota.

1852  A big Ojibway Sioux battle was recorded close to Turtle Mountain.  The son of Chief Little Shell was killed. The Chief found the man responsible and beheaded him.  "French and the Indians in North Dakota" Rosebud County news (Forsyth, Mont.), July 28, 1904, Image 3, Library of Congress

1853  Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language by Catholic missionary Frederic Baraga.[85]

1853  Magnetawan First Nation had it's reserve surveyed

1853  The Sioux and the Chippewa had a skirmish in St. Paul, MN at the intersection of Third and Jackson Streets.

1853  The Fort William Chippewa First Nation reserve was created.

1853   The Dokis First Nation reserve was surveyed and registered in 1853. 

1853  Pierre Bottineau and other Chippewa Sauteaux Metis were hired as guides for the eastern portion of Isaac Stevens'1853 primary railway survey from St. Paul to the west coast. 

1854  L'Anse Reservation was created in Michigan. The 1934 Indian Reorganization Act changed the the name to the The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community.  It is the oldest and largest reservation in Michigan.

1854  Treaty of La Pointe established the modern-day reservations of Bad River, Red Cliff, Lac du Flambeau, and Lac Courte Oreilles  in Wisconsin without specifically naming ones for the St. Croix or Sokaogon bands. The treaty states in general terms that the Lac du Flambeau and Lac Courte Orielles reservations were for "Wisconsin Chippewa". The end result was: two bands were without a specific reservation of their own until 1937. The Fond du Lac reservation in Minnesota was also created at La Pointe.

1854  A reservation was created for the Bois Forte band with land around Lake Vermilion, and added to in 1866 at Nett Lake and Deer Creek, Minnesota.  In 1881 the boundaries were finally set.

1854  Treaty No.72  got the Chippewas of Nawash now Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation: Chief’s point, Saugeen Reserve (Owen Sound), Colpoys Bay Reserve (Big Bay). Cape Croker Indian Reserve No. 27. the Fishing Islands in Lake Huron, Cape Hurd Islands and three islands at the entrance to Colpoys Bay. 

1855   Ontonagon band of Chippewas had a reservation created. In 1934 they would join The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community.

1855 the Mille Lacs band reservation was created.

1855  In Michigan the Isabelle Reservation was created for the Saginaw and Swan Creek Chippewa.

1855   Agatha Biddle was a chief of the Mackinac Island band, known today as the Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians. She was involved in the 1855 Treaty of Detroit and was inducted into the Michigan's Woman's Hall of Fame, October 18, 2018.  

1855  Chief Buffalo got it in writing that the Wisconsin reservations were permanent unless they "misbehaved". 

1855  Battle of Rice Lake was a Sioux Chippewa battle that the Sioux won.  Chief Na-Non-Gabe was killed. That resulted in his daughter taking revenge and becoming the "The Chippewa Warrior Princess", or Hanging Cloud.

1855  The Chippewa joined the Yankton Sioux and Missouri Metis in a large battle versus the Mdewakanton near the Lower Sioux Agency.[86] The "half breeds" were Red River Ojibwa Metis.[87]

1855  Hole-in-the-Day was made a citizen of the State of Minnesota by special act.[88]  In Anishinaabe culture leadership is divided between civil administration and military operations with leaders specific to one or the other though some leaders were both.

In 1855 Chiefs Be-sheekee and Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay visited Washington. The sculptor Vincenti was working at the Capitol and recognized an opportunity. He offered the Chiefs $5.00 each to pose so he could model them in clay. He later carved his studies in marble. It wasn't known until 2019 he had made two versions of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay until one went to Sotheby's where it sold for 150,000 £.[86][87]

1857  Red Lake and Pillagers attacked the Sioux at Lac Travers and took 30-40 scalps. The American, Washington (D.C.], Aug. 26, 1857, p.2, Library of Congress

In 1858 the Leaman Rifle Works delivered rifles to the Chippewas of the Mississippi, Pillagers, and Lake Winnibigoshish as part of their annuity payments.[88] [89] (see page 4)

1858 Battle of Big Stone Lake, Chippewa lost 11 Sioux 26; 

Image 4 of The Tipton Advertiser (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa), Aug. 14, 1858, Library of Comgress.

1858  Two weeks after Minnesota became a state The Battle of Shakopee at Murphy's Landing on the St. Peters River took place, now the Minnesota River. The Chippewa lost 4 while the Dacotah lost 3.

1859   Pennefather Treaty took reserve lands from the Batchewana First Nation, Garden River First Nation, and Thessalon First Nation  to allow for increased "white" settlement.

ca.1860  A large battle of hundreds took place at Spooner, Wisconsin. Chief Blackbird, La Pointe Chippewa tribe, Superior Telegram, Feb. 17, 1915.

1860  The Prince of Wales attended an indigenious conference at Sarnia, Ontario, led by the Chief of the Ojibways of Garden River. He gave 75 indigenious leaders the 1860 Queen Victoria Peace medal with the Prince of Wales logo engraved on the front.[91] The medals were silver and 75mm in diameter.[92]

1860  Nahnebahwequay (Catherine Sutton) of the Mississauga band gained an audience with Queen Victoria for Ojibwa land rights.

1860  The Sucker Creek First Nation Reserves 115 & 116  were established in Ontario.

1860   The United States Senate authorized the federal district court in Michigan to decide a Sault Ste. Marie land claim made by decendants of Chevalier de Repentigny and Captain Louis de Bonne. That court ruled in their favor in 1861, but the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision in 1867.  It impacted the Sault tribe. (see 1866) 

CHIPPEWA TERRITORY:

In 1860 the descussions of new territories included slavery and would it be allowed.  The Library of Congress has 20 newspapers from May 1860 that mention the proposed Chippewa Territory.

1860  The Nevada Journal suggested that there were 10 terrtories waiting to join the UnitedStates one being named "Chippewa" and another "Ontonagon".   (New States, p.2)

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026884/1860-06-01/ed-1/seq-2/ 

☆  "Chippewa" Another Hyperborean Territory,   The Winona Republican, June 13, 1860, p.1 https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b45efc04-e749-41f3-80cd-6353bcbb863b%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFIQ256%2F60061301 

☆   "New Territories", The Chatfield Republican, May 15, 1860, p.2, Minnesota  Digital Newspaper hub.

 ☆  "New Territories", Chatfield Democrat, May 26, 1860, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub.

☆  "Das Comite fur Territorien", Neu-Ulm Pionier, May 12, 1860, p.5 Minnesota  Digital Newspaper hub. 

☆   "New Territories" Saint Peter Tribune, May 9, 1860, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub.

☆  "Tabled"  (due to slavery provision) Red Wing Sentinel, May 23, 1860, p.2,  Minnesota  Digital Newspaper hub.

☆   The Glencoe Register, May 12, 1860, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub.

☆   Rochester City News,  May 9, 1860, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub.

☆  "The Committiee on Territories, The Mantorville Express, May 19, 1860, p.1, Minnesota  Digital Newspaper hub.

☆ "Washington May 11, tabled" Minnesota State News, May 19, 1860, p.3,  Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub. 

☆  New Territories,The Shasta Courier, May 26, 1860, p.1, Library of Congress.  

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015099/1860-05-26/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1860&index=0&rows=20&words=New+new+Territorial+Territories+Territory&searchType=basic&sequence 

☆  5 New Territories,  Daily National Democrat, Marysvill, CA, May 18, 1860, p.3, Lilbrary of Congress.

  ☆  "Ontonagon" had been suggested as a name for Michigan's  Upper Peninsula. The New York Herald also mentions a State named Chippewa on p.6, Sept. 20, 1862. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1860-09-20/ed-1/seq-6/

Previous, in 1858, the Ontonagon Advocate called for a convention to create a state from the Upper Michigan Peninsula, Northerm Wisconsin and Lake County Minnesota.  ( The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat July 22, 1858, p.8. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1858-0722/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=1756&index )

☆  In 1863 Idaho Territory was created taking hald of what would have been Chippewa Territory.

☆  1867 The Senator from the Red River area took the Chippewa Territory proposal to the Dakota Territory legislature according to the  Sioux City Register, Nov. 16, 1863, p. 3.

☆  1871 The Territory fo Chippewa was again proposed according to the  
Democratic Enquirer,  Feb. 22, 1871,p.1. 

☆  M'Arthur County, Ohio.  Library of Congress

☆  1871  The Elko Independent, Elko, NV, Apr. 22, 1872 Library of Congress.

*  1861  7 May, Chief Hole-in-Day offered the U.S. Army 100 Chippewa warriors according to the Hokah Chief newspaper.

https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8106293b-4b74-499d-8357-22fc6d940879%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137656%2F61050701

*  Less than a month after the attack on Fort Sumpter a Chippewa and Sioux delegation traveled to Washington to tender 300 warriors to the Government. California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, Vol 15, No. 11, May 10, 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [1]

*  1861   The Michigan Legislature rejected  an offer by George Copway or Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh, to raise  a regiment of Indians. Copway  said that they would be: "inured to hardships, fleet as deer, shrewd and cautious" in combat.

1861 10 August, a significant engagement was reported between the Chippewa and Sioux on the Pembina River. Nevada Democrat, Vol 8, No. 510, Sept. 12, 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024. [2]

1861  USS Pembina, Unadilla-class gunboat, was launched Aug. 28, 1861 andcommissioned Oct. 16, 1861. She was named for the Pembina Chippewa Nation.  The USS Ottawa was only launched the week before.

1861  USS Chippewa,  Unadilla-class gunboat, was launched Sept. 14, 1861 and commissioned Dec. 12, 1861. She was named for the Chippewa Nation as the Navy named all the Unadila-class ships for Native American peoples.

1861  The American Fur Co. riverboat Chippewa was 150 miles above the Yellowstone and caught fire with 237 kegs on gunpowder onboard and no means to put the fire out.

1861  The "History of the Ojibway Indians" was published by Rev. Jones. In it he reports oral tradition has that many generations ago the tribe made extensive war excursions against the Flatheads beyond the Rockies on page 129. 

1862  M'Chigeeng First Nation reserve was created on Manitoulin Island.  At that time they became identified as the West Bay band.

1862  Nine Chiefs of the Lake Superiour Band of Chippewa were the first to receive Indian Peace Medals from President Lincoln in April 1862.

Hole-in-the-day threatened to go to war in August 1862 because Indian Agent Walker was cheating his people egregiously. The timing was coincidental to the Sioux events. Many attempted to link the events when there was little to do so beyond speculation at the time. The "whites" did not understand why the Chippewa were unhappy, because they were unaware of the transgressions [93] the same as they were unaware of the Dacotah Agents actions. When Agent Walker was called out for his swindles he committed suicide. That made national news. To make the situation more concerning the Pillagers had taken six families captive at Leech lake.[94] They injured no one, however it made Chief Big-Dog so unhappy that he went to Fort Ripley.[95]  He reportedly was given a U.S. Army tunic to wear, which he did. Gull Lake Chief Bad-Boy also did not like what he was hearing and went to Fort Ripley taking three of his men. The fort used their skills as advanced sentries. It happened that Lt. Beaulieu, a biracial Chippewa from G Company 9th Minnesota, was at the fort.[94] Ripley's Commander tasked him as a messenger to Hole-in-the-Day. The Chief had the prisoners released in exchange for an investigation of Agent Walker.[94] The next day Lt. Beaulieu was sent with a message to Gov. Ramsey requesting the other G Company Chippewa be sent.[94] The St. Cloud newspaper absolutely could not believe that any hostilities would happen between the Chippewa and the settlers. However, Hole-in-the Day's posturing fueled the anti-Indian hysteria in other papers and would not be forgotten by his own people. The Red-Lakers in particular called him out at council. His posturing would overshadow his actual actions in the historic narrative. The principle complaint of the Chippewa was their Indian Agent, they wanted him removed. Walker attempted to have Hole-in-the-Day arrested and even shot at the Chief. He committed suicide out of fear the Chippewa were coming for him.

A.S.H. White of the Indian Bureau arrived in Minnesota for the treaty on August 6. He had been the Secretary for the 1851 Traverse des Sioux treaty and had been sent again.

On August 13, 1862 a train of 30 wagons with treaty goods intended for the Red Lake and Pembina bands of Chippewa, departed St. Cloud Minnesota for the Red River Valley.[112] The two bands were to sign a treaty on the 25th of August 1862 with the U.S Government.[112]

On 17 August Lt. Sheehan, with his men of C Co.5th Minn., departed the upper Sioux Agency for Fort Ripley to escort the Chippewa treaty commission to the Red River valley.[113] Instead, they were called to the defense of Fort Ridgely leaving Ripley incapable of providing an escort. The treaty commission arrived at St. Cloud on 18 August and organized a militia escort.

When the Mdewkanton uprising broke Gov. Ramsey sent ex-Territorial Supreme Court Judge David Cooper, Hole-in-the-Day's legal adviser, to ascertain what the Chippewa were thinking. The Judge reported to Ramsey the Chippewa were dancing around Sioux scalps when he arrived. Newspapers reported the Sioux had forced the Chippewa to leave their village at Otter Tail with no details on how the Ojibwa acquired the scalps. The newspapers also reported that the Chief had "sent requests to Ojibwa bands in Wisconsin to send all their warriors" because the Sioux had killed a Ojibwa woman.

Just prior to the uprising Chief Little Crow sent Chief Hole-in-the-Day a letter informing that he had tried to stop a war party from departing the lower agency looking for Chippewa to fight.

The Sisseton warrior Other-Day said a large war-party had just departed the upper agency, looking for Chippewa, when lower reservation uprising started. Highly Interesting Narrative, Other-Day, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept. 4, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023. [8]

☆  25 August 1862  The Red-Lake and Pembina band's Treaty was cancelled by the Mdewakanton uprising.

☆ The Pillagers Otter tail Village attacked by the Sioux

On 28 August 30-40 Sioux departed Otter Tail City for the Chippewa Otter Tail village 20 miles away at Pine Lake.The Difficulty With the Chippewas News from Chippewa Country, Sioux attack at Otter Tail, Settlements at Ottertail cleaned out, Dancing around Sioux Scalps, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 5, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023. [9]

On 28 August a paper reported the war party numbered 100 and intended to fight the Red-Lakers. The Origin and Extent of Our Indian Difficulties, St Paul Daily Press, 28 Aug. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [10]

100 Sioux to attack Red-Lake, Hokah Chief, 9 Sept. 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [11]

100 Sioux to attack Red-Lake, The origin and extent of our Indian difficulties, Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 1, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023. [12]

News from Chippewa Country, 100 Sioux attack at Otter Tail, Settlements at Ottertail cleaned out, Dancing around Sioux Scalps, Winona Weekly Republican, Sept. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [13]

News from Chippewa Country, 100 Sioux attack Chippewa Otter Tail, Dancing around Sioux Scalps, Detroit Free Press, 6 Sept. 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [14]

100 Sioux attacked the Chippewa at Otter Tail Lakes forcing them to evacuate, but the Chippewa were dancing around Sioux scalps when Judge Cooper arrived. Indian Difficulties, Detroit Free Press, Sept. 6, 1862 p.1, Newspapers.com 2025. [15]

The Receiver at the Otter Tail Land Office reported Sioux camped on Chippewa land when he arrived at St. Cloud, Indian War, St. Cloud Democrat, Aug. 28, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023.[16], 

 On September 2, 1862 two Chiefs of the Fond-du-Lac band sent a letter for Gov. Ramsey to forward to President Lincoln. They offered to fight the Sioux so Minnesota's troops could be sent to fight the south. That letter made national news. It is not known if Lincoln got the letter as it is not in his Presidential Archives. If he didn't know the entire country did. The FDL letter was published or referenced in dozens of newspapers across the nation. What is known is he did not act upon it. In less than a week Mille-Lacs band Chiefs leading 750 warriors, showed up at Fort Ripley with the same offer. In addition, they voluntarily provided security to the fort and the nearby town of Little Falls without compensation, in the event it was attacked by anyone. At that time it was rumored that Hole-in-the-day was considering to do that. Another Mille-Lacs Chief took his warriors to St. Cloud with another offer to fight the Sioux. Fort Ripley's commander, Captain Hall, sent a biracial Chippewa officer to Chief Hole-in-the-Day with an offer the Chief accepted.

Within a week Gov. Ramsey and a legislature commission went north to have council with the Chief. It was comprised of U.S. Senator H. Rice and Judge Cooper both respected by the Chippewa. E.A.C. Hatch with whom the Chippewa had long traded as well as Rev. F. Ayer a missionary teacher amongst them for 20 years. The group arrived at Crow Wing to find 10 Chiefs and 10 headmen waiting. They all offered to fight the Sioux. The Governor and commission were taken with the proposal. A treaty was made addressing the Chippewa concerns and the Govenor and commission returned to St. Paul. Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was informed of all the offers and favored accepting. them too. Ramsey was so taken with all the offers that he invited the Chiefs of 22 bands to St. Paul. They all came thinking that their offers to fight the Sioux had been accepted. However, President Lincoln, Major General Pope, and Col. Sibley were opposed.

Why Lincoln did not act upon the offers is unknown. However, Pope's statement for turning down Chippewa service "as not being good for the public interest" sounds like a politician not a general. He may have been repeating what Lincoln wrote him, but that is unknown. What is known, is that had Lincoln accepted the Fond-du-Lac offer he would have had no control over how the other Chippewa bands responded. How fast word would have spread that the FDL band had an OK can only be guessed at, but word would have spread. The two northern Santee tribes had headed for the plains. That would have left the Mdewakanton force against nearly the entire Minnesota-Wisconsin Chippewa based upon the 21 bands that came for Gov. Ramsey. Against those odds it is unknown if the Dacotah would have surrendered to the Chippewa or if the Chippewa would have accepted. Without a surrender the trials would not have happened and there would have been no sentences for execution. The outcome for the over 5-1 outnumbered Mdewakaton force is unknown. It is possible it would have been different from the 38 executed in the historic narrative. The Fond-du-Lac specifically requested the use of native rules on war, making woman, children, and elderly acceptable targets. They also suggested that they receive the Santee Sioux annuities as compensation for their assistance. The Chippewa would have had the advantage of surprise that the Sioux had had with the settlers. The Sioux would have had their families to get out of harms way and the Chippewa would have been on a mission to remove the "evil spirit" from Minnesota for Lincoln as they had corresponded. In 1918 the White Earth Tomahawk published that the number of Chippewa warriors would have been 5,000. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89064695/1918-07-04/ed-1/?  

Newspapers that published Fond-du-Lac letter to Lincoln (complete text) offering to fight the Sioux:

• FDL letter paraphrased, Grant County Witness, Sept. 8, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023. [15]
• The Chicago Times, Sept. 16, 1862 

             (Fond du Lac reservation archives)

• The Chicago Daily Tribune. Sept. 17,1862, p.1  

             Newpapers.com, 2023. [16]

• Quad-City Times, Sept. 18, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Daily Democrat and News, Sept. 18, 1862, 2023, p.2,

             Library of Congress, 2024.

• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.3, 2023, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2024.
• The Cleveland Morning Leader, Sept. 20, 1862, p. 1

             Library of Congress, 2023.

• Burlington Hawkeye, Sept. 20, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York), Sept. 23, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Vermont Chronicle, Sept. 23, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2024
• The Waukegan Weekly Gazette, Sept. 20, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024.
• The Manitowoc Herald, Sept. 25, 1862 p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024.
• Baltimore Wecker Vol. 13, No. 225, Sept. 20, 1862, p.2

             Library of Congress, 2023. 

Newspapers that published the Fond-du-Lac Lincoln letter as stub articles:

• An Offer of Aid from the Chippewas, New York Times, Sept. 14, 1862, p.9, ProQuest Historical Newspapers, 2023.[98]
• 2 Wisconsin Chippewa Chiefs, The New York Herald, Sept. 14, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023.[99]
• Mankato Semi-weekly Record, Sept. 13, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspapers hub, 2023, MNHS St. Paul MN.[100]
• The Evening StarVol. XX No.2983, Washington D.C., Sept. 15, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023.
• The Chicago Tribune, Sept. 15, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023.
• The Pittsburgh Gazette, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Portland Daily Press, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023.
• The Daily Gate City Vol. 9 No.170, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Keokuk, Iowa, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Hartford Courant (Mass.), Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Smoky Hill and Republican Union, Sept. 27, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Daily Evansville Journal, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Daily Intelligencer Vol. XI No. 20  (Wheeling, West Virginia), Sept. 15, 1862, p. 3,, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Worcester Daily Spy (Massachusetts), Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023.Daily State Sentinel Vol. X, No. 3730, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Bangor Daily Whig and Courier (Maine), Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Pittsburgh Gazette, Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Evansville Daily Journal (Indiana), Sept. 15, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Buffalo Commercial, Sept. 15, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Kingston Daily News, (Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Sept. 16,  1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Weekly North Iowa Times, Vol. VI, No.309, Sept. 17, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress. 2023.
• Lewiston Falls Journal (Maine), Sept. 18, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• Muscatine Weekly Journal, Vol. XIV, No.12, Sept. 19, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, North Ireland, Oct. 1, 1862, British Newspaper Archives, 2023.
• Saunders's News-Letter, (Dublin, Ireland), Sept. 29, 1862, p.2 The British Newspaper Archives, 2023.
• Dublin Mercantile Advertiser, and Weekly Price Current, (Dublin, Ireland), Oct. 3, 1862, The British Newspaper Archives
• The Leeds Mercury (Leeds, West Yorkshire, England), 30 Sept. 1862, p.4 Newspapers.com, 2023.
• Indiana State Sentinel Vol. XXII No. 17, Sept, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 18, 1862, p. 4, Newspapers.com, 2023. Mule-de-Sack(sp=Fond du Lac)

"The best thing that could be done, in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day: Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition." From Northern Minnesota. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol XIV, No.12, Sept. 5, 1862, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023. [17]

Gus. H. Beaulieu, editor of the White Earth Tomahawk published:  "...fully 5,000 warriors, which were the reputed fighting strength of the Chippewas at the time, were detained..." https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89064695/1918-07-04/ed-1/?

SEPT. 3,  1862:

Fort Abercrombie attacked. George Nicolay and Commissioner Dole were in the fort. The Chippewa of G Company 9th Minnesota helped repel the Sioux assault.

SEPT. 4,  1862:

Mille-Lacs Indians St. Cloud Democrat, Sept. 4, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [18]

The St. Paul Daily ran the opinion that the entire Chippewa nation was waiting to to go to war against their hereditary enemy. The Philadelphia Inquirer reprinted; Sept. 8, 1862, Newspapers.com, 2023. [19]

The Stillwater Messenger ran the same opinion on September 9 Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewa? Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS. [20]  

En-me-gah-bowh, a minister and son of a Mississauga Chief, sent a messanger to Mille-Lacs saying that they should go to the aid of Fort Ripley. His English name was John Johson.  

The Chippeway Herald (White Earth, Minn.), April 1, 1903, p.6, Library of Congress                                              

SEPT. 6, 1862:

Mlle-Lacs, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands offer to fight Sioux at Fort Ripley. Sandy Lake doesn't get mentioned because they were considered Mille Lacs.

In his obituary for Mille-Lacs Chief Shaw-bosh-kung, Bishop Henry Whipple wrote the Chief brought all the warriors he could to Fort Ripley on 6 September 1862. He did. Warriors from the Sandy-Lake, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands all accompanied the Chief. At Ripley the Chief offered the Fort Commander to fight the Sioux and protect the Fort from a possible attack by Hole-in-the-Day. The fort was "taken" by their arrival waving the American and Mille Lacs flags, beating drums and it was recorded as a sight to be seen. Indian Commissioner Dole happened to be present and "told Shaw-bosh-kung the Mille-Lacs could remain on their Reservation for 1,000 years, but that they should return home and they would be contacted if needed." However, War Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee chose to remain as did 300 warriors. When he did that the townspeople of Little Falls asked for protection and he sent them 150 warriors. It is not recorded if that number came out of the 300 or that they were in addition to. In a nutshell, the Chippewa voluntarily provided security to U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls in a time of war. There is nothing comparable in U.S. history. The U.S. response has no comparable either. The Ojibwa Chiefs were invited to Washington DC right after the Mankato executions. Lincoln took Shaw-bosh-kung's hand and repeated what Commissioner Dole had said: "The Mille-Lacs people could remain 1,000 years on their Reservation". That was included in the 1863 Chippewa treaty  and the treaty the next year added that the Sandy Lake band cannot be removed without "Presidential review". That stipulation indicates that they did something extraordinary in the eyes of the Government. The contrast with what was happening with the Dacotah treaties at the time could not be greater.

Another account has the Commissioner Dole "was so overpowered by gratitude for the Mille Lacs and En-me-gah-bowh that he was speachless for some time. He afterward promised that not only would the government  reward them, but that they should not be removed from their reservation." The Chippeway Herald (White Earth, Minn.), April 1, 1903, p.6, Library of Congress

The Mille-Lacs Chiefs; "we will The hold your hand in friendship until this trouble is over".

Mille-Lacs letter 3 Sept requesting council at Fort Ripley and requesting that it not be thought strange that many of their men were absent. They would be helping in the rice harvest. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [21]

Detailed Indian agent account of Chippewa activity in early September made no mention of Chippewa offers to fight. Letter from Shaw-Bosh-King states he will relay his message in person. The agent did not include he said that in what he wrote. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 2, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS. [50]

Newspapers that published the Mille-Lacs offer to fight the Sioux:

• Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 17, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com 2023.
• Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept, 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Prescott Journal, Sept, 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023.
• The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• Rochester Republican, Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept. 12, 1863, p.2 , Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.

Mille-Lacs offer Fort Ripley. The Dakota conflict and its reverberations in Mille Lacs, The Moccasin Telegraph Feb. 7, 2007. [22]

Mille-Lacs role in the Uprising, Tell the Mille-Lacs what Danger they are in, Chapter 5, "Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III)", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, POB 2172, La Cross, WS, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, 1973, p. 100-118. [23] [24]

Mille-Lacs sent Indian Commissioner letter requesting to fight the Sioux The Chippewas for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [25]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee words at Fort Ripley: "When you make war upon the white settlers, you make war upon us: and if you fight them you will have to fight us", Mille-Lac Indians, Little Falls Transcript, Feb. 1, 1884, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2023. [26]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee actions at Fort Ripley, Loyalty of the Mille-Lacs, D.H. Robbins, The Princeton Union, May 16, 1907, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023. [27]

The Mille-Lacs were loyal The Government owes them a DEBT, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug. 26, 1902, p.11, Newspapers.com, 2023. [28]

White-Earth Chief Wain-ge-ma-dub wrote that he remained 8 days at Fort Ripley with Mou-zoo-mau-nee. About Mou-Zoo-mau-Nee, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 4, 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023. [29]

SEPT. 6, 1862:

Mille-Lacs band protection of Little Falls.

The Mou-zoo-mau-nee sent 150 warriors to safeguard the Little Falls when the townspeople requested protection. About Mou-zoo-mau-nee, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 4, 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com. [30]

People of Little Falls send a letter to President R. B. Hayes in support of Mille-Lacs for sending 100 warriors in 1862, History of Morrison County, Little Falls Transcript, Apr, 16, 1880, p.1, Newapapers.com, 2023.

This event is maintained in the Mille-Lacs band oral history.

The State of Minnesota erected a 10' granite monument at Fort Ridgely in recognition of these Chippewa actions. 

SEPT. 9, 1862:

Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin.

Newspapers that published Hole-in-the-Day's request for Wisconsin Warriors:

• Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital hub, 2023, MNHS. [101]
• The Goodhue Volunteer(Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minn.), Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Prescott Journal, Sept 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Rochester Republican Sept. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• Chatfield Democrat, Sept. 13, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• The Hamilton Spectator (Ontario, Canada), Sept. 18, 1862, p.8, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, Nov. 5, 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024. [102]

SEPT. 9,  1862:

St. Croix bands.

"Nothing would please the Chippewa Nation more than to be asked... they are ready on both sides of the river and from Chengwatana to Superior, Wisconsin. Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewas?" The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [31]

A trader at Taylors Falls claimed he could get 500 Chippewa to fight.

The Chippewas, The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023. [32] (The Snake-River band is mentioned as being at Fort Ripley with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

The Chippewas, Prescott Journal, Sept. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023. [33] (The Chippewa-River band mentioned as being with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

Inter-tribal warfare between the St. Croix and Long lake bands made news in October 1862. [103]

SEPT. 12,  1862:

100 Mille Lacs band offer to fight Sioux at St Cloud. 

75 Mille Lacs, St. Cloud, Chippewas on the Warpath, Goodhue County Republican, Sept. 12, 1862, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023, MNHS. [34]

Mille-Lacs Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 12, 1862, p. 1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [35]

Mille Lacs Indians, Hokah Chief, Sept. 16, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [36]

IF ANY FOOTNOTES DO NOT WORK GO TO : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcb133aco/sandbox2

Indian commissioner Dole's account of meeting Hole-in-the-Day claimed the Chief was "insolent". The Anaconda Standard published Hole-in-the-Day's account that disputes Dole's. The Chippewa War 1862: Daniel S. Mooer's Account of interview with Hole-in-the-Day, The Anaconda Standard, 8 Nov. 1898, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2023. [37]

The Office of the Supt. of Indian Affairs version of "The History of the Chippewa Troubles", The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2.

Both chambers the Minnesota legislature agreed to send Gov. Ramsey and a Commission, with the authority to resolve the Chippewa issues, to meet Hole-in-the-Day at Crow Wing. [105]  When the commission and Gov. got to Crow Wing waiting to meet him were the top leaders of the Minnesota Chippewa. It was a surprise, as he thought he was just meeting Chief Hole-in-the-Day:

*  Hole in the Day, Cass Lake, Pug-a-nay--ke-shig

*  Berry Picker, Pillager, Kaw-nun-dah-wa-we-zo (Kaa-nun-der-waaguinse-zo)

*  Chorrister, Po-ke-ga-ma, May-yaw-ge-way-we-dung, (Ba-gah-wey-we-wedung)

*  Crossing Sky, Rabbit Lake, I-ah-we-ke-shig, (Ah-ah-shaw-we-ke-shick)

*  Returning Echo, Sandy Lake, I-ah-be-day-we-dung (Ah-aw-be-dway-we-dung)

*  Sky that touches the ground, Rabbit Lake, Me-sheck-ke-ke-shig, (Me-jaw-ke-ke-schick)

*  Noon Day, (band unidentified) Nay-taw-we-ke-shig, (Now-we-ke-schick)

*  White Fisher, Gull Lake, (Waub-o-geag or Wah-bo-jeeg)

*  Flatmouth, Leach Lake (Ne-gun-e-bin-ace or Ne-gah-ne-bin-ace-quay)

*  The Buffalo, Leach Lake, (Be-sheck-ke)

*  One Sided Winner, (Nay-bun,ay-osh or Na-bah-nay-aush)

Instead twenty Chippewa leaders, of which at least 10 were Chiefs, were there and offered to fight Sioux when they met the Governor and the Commission. The Governor and Commission were "taken with the offers" and returned to St. Paul where Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was also "taken" when he was informed. Those opposed to Chippewa military service were President Lincoln, Major General Pope and Brigadier General Sibley. Commissioner Dole tried for 12 days to get a meeting with Hole-in-the-Day. When the Chief did show up, he surprised Dole by bringing 300 warriors who quickly encircled the Commissioner's party. [106]  The meeting produced a treaty addressing the Chippewa concerns. Three copies were made, one for Governor Ramsey, one for Chief Hole-in-the-Day, and one for Chief Flat-Mouth. 

Hole-in-the-Day, Sept. 15, twenty Chippewa leaders offer to fight the Sioux. Appendix, Journal of the House of Representatives, State of Minnesota 1862, Wm. R. Marshall, Press Printing Company, St. Paul, pp.135-8. [38] (Chief May-Zhuc-Ke-Ge-Shig spelling variation)

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. met Senator Rice, Judge Cooper and Major Hatch, Minnesota History Magazine. [39]

Newspapers that reported the "Chippewa Embassy" and offers to fight the Sioux:

• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV, No.14, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023.
• The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 23, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• The New Your Herald, Sept, 25, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023.
• Goodhue County Republican Red Wing, Minnesota, Sept. 26, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.
• The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol.7 No 10, Oct. 1, 1862, 2023 Newspapers.com.
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 26, Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023(Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth list of Chiefs). [1]
• Liverpool Albion, Oct. 20, 1862, British Newspapers Archives, London, 2024. [107]
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023.
• The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 19, 1862, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS.

Crow Wing Agency reports 13, 14, 15, Sept. St. Paul Daily, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [40]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley scouts 1862, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress. 2023.  [41]

Senator Rice opined the Chippewa could be "induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux". The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com. [42]

Sept. 19, 1862: about 40 warriors offer to fight the Sioux at the Crow Wing Agency and were sent to Fort Snelling to be armed. From the Upper Mississippi, The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 30, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MN

Sen. Rice Opinion, believed the Chippewa could be induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux., The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com. [126]

"The best thing that could be done , in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day:  Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition