1892 U.S. Army goes to White-Earth and Leech-Lake to raise a Regiment of Chippewa.[237]

Spanish American War[238][239] [240] A full blood Wisconsin Civil War veteran Louis Beche, offered President McKinley a band of 500 Lake Superior Chippewa warriors.[241]

1916  The British Commonwealth began awarding a brass "Wound Stripe" for combat injuries.  It was worn vertically on the left forearm of the uniform

 WWI VALOR AWARDS[242](Canada information is difficult to locate) 

  *  Pvt. William J. Ashmun,  French Croix-de-Guerre with gilt star, Bad-River Band[243][244

   *  Pvt. Frank J. Bell, French Croix-de-Guerre, Distinguished Service Cross,  White-Earth Band 

  *  Pvt. Chas. J. Bellcour, USMC  Purple Heart, White-Earth Band

  *  William J. Bluesky, Silver Star, Lac-Courte-Oreilles Band 

  *  Leo Bouchard, DMC,  Nipigon First Nation

  *  Fred Clay, Croix de Guerre, Saginaw band

  *   Pvt. Samson Comego, Sniper  1914-15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medal, Chief of the Alderville First Nation

  *  Pvt. Peter Comego Sniper ,  1914-15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medal,  Alderville First Nation

  *  Sgt. James M. Gordon, French Croix-de-Guerre, Red-Cliff Band

  *  Cpl. Rodney Graham, Purple Heart, POW, Oklahoma Chippewa 

  *  Pvt. Andrew Haverkamey, Purple Heart, White-Earth Band

  *  Pvt. Christie Houle,  Purple Heart, Fond-du-Lac Band

  *  Pvt. David Kejick, Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM),  Chief Shoal-Lake First Nation

  *  Sgt. Joseph P. LaJeunesse, Distinguished Service Cross, Purple Heart. It has been contended that Sgt. LaJeunesse was denied a Medal of Honor because he was Native American.[245]  White-Earth Band

  *  Pvt.  Alfred J.LeBlanc,  Purple Heart, KIA, Bay Mills Chippewa

  *  Frank Mchaud, Purple Heart KIA, Leech Lake band

  *  David Munnell, Purple Heart KIA, Leach Lake band

  *  L/Cpl. Johnson Paudash Sniper, Military Medal, Distinguished Service Medal,  grandson of the last Mississauga Sachem, Hiawatha First Nation

  *  Cpl.  Francis Pegahmagabow Sniper, Military Medal with 2 bars (3 awards), Chief Parry Island band, His medals and sniper rifle were donated to the Canadian War Museum.

  *  Cpl. Walter G. Sevalier,  Distinguished Service Cross, Bad-River Band 

  *  Cpl.l Angus Oliver Teeple,  Silver Star, Bay-Mills band 

  *  Pvt. Lawrence A. Vizenor, Distinguished Service Cross, White-Earth Band

  *  Frank Vedernack, Purple Heart, Lac-du-Flambeau

 In 1916, 50 Ojibwa (Chippewa) of Nawash First Nation joined the 160th Canadian Infantry Battalion, 5 were KIA 14 were wounded.

The Lac Courte Oreilles band had 50 men in Co. D 107th  Ammunition Train of the 32nd Division.  The Company insignia was a black bear. 

52nd Canadian Light Infantry Battalion had nearly 100 Ojibwa from the Thunder Bay area.  At least six were given awards for valor.[176]  In total Canada had 247 Ojibwa, 420 Cree, and 665 Metis enlist for the war.

Modern Warriors of World War I, Erin Fehr, George S. Robb Centre for the Study of the Great War, Park University, Parkville, MO [243]

Between the world wars the 101st Airborne was headquartered in Wisconsin where it gained it's famous insignia.  It goes back to Chief Ahgamahwegezhig (Chief Sky) of the Lac-Flambeau band and the Civil War.[246]

USCGC Chippewa (1919) ex-USN tug 60 based at Sault Ste Marie.

WWII[247] 

In 1940, the 32nd Infantry Division recruited 17 Michigan and Wisconsin Oneida and Chippewa(FDL) for training as code talkers.[248]

When the WWII broke "the Lac-Oreille band had 100 men enlist". To the north "the Grand Portage band had nearly every abled bodied man volunteer".[163]

"A Chippewa Indian was furious when rejected [for military service] because he had no teeth. "I don't want to bite'em," he said, "I just want to shoot'em!"[163]

  *  Sgt. Tommy Prince (Brokenhead Ojibway Nation) volunteered for the First Special Service Force(FSSF) that the Germans called the Devils Brigade.[249] He received the: Military Medal (King George VI personally awarded), Silver Star, French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star (unit award), Distinguished Unit Citation(Italy), and a U.S. Congressional Gold Medal. In addition, he received the British: 1939-1945 Star, Italy Star, France and Germany Star, Defence Medal (United Kingdom), Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Overseas Clasp, and the War Medal 1939-1945 plus the U.S. Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal, and European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal followed by the Korea Medal, United Nations Service Medal Korea, and Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea. He was authorized to wear the Canadian battle honor "Mont Mojo" on his dress uniform as well as the U.S Combat Infantryman Badge. The FSSF was awarded five U.S. campaign streamers and another ten by Canada. Sgt. Prince was the great great grandson of the Salteaux Chief Peguis, who had moved his people from Sault Ste. Marie to the Red River region. Numerous sources claim Sgt. Prince had medals for valor coming for his actions in both Italy and Korea. In Korea his superiors refused to put him up. In Korea the United States awarded his unit the Distinguished Unit Citation for the Battle of Kapyong, so Prince had two PUC's to his credit.

• October 28, 2022 Canada issued a non-rated forever stamp depicting Sgt. Prince.[250]

The FSSF adopted the 1866 Indian Scouts crossed arrows insignia minus the USS.  A "U.S." or "Canada" pin was placed above the arrows depending upon the man's nationality.  Subsequently the United States Army Special Forces adopted the crossed arrows from the FSSF.  According to Veterans Canada the Canadian component of the FSSF hand many Ojibwa.

U.S. WWII AWARDS (Canada information is difficult) :

•  Lloyd F. Aspenwall, Bronze Star, White Earth Band
•  F/O Willard John Bolduc, DFC , Chapleau Ojibway First Nation
• Pfc Ernest Boshay DUI, Bois Forte 
• Silas Cloud, Bronze Star, Leech Lake
•  Pfc. William A. Davis, Bronze Star, Pembina Band
• Pfc Frank Dupree Bronze Star, Purple Heart, POW. Bois Forte band
• Pfc. Albert E. Fairbanks Air Medal (one cluster), White-Earth Band 
• T/Sgt. Oliver Gibbs Air Medal (3 clusters), Red Lake Band
• Felix Ambrose Fontaine, wounded, Sagkeeng First Nation
• Cpl. Bert Orben Good, Bronze Star, Red Lake Band
• Cpl. Rodney M. Graham POW, Purple Heart, Swan Lake band Kansas
• James J. Hunt Sr., POW, Leech Lake
• Cpl Ira Isham PUC, Bois Forte band
• Pfc Nels Johnson PUC, Croix de Guerre Fourrager (Belgiuim) Bois Forte band
• Sgt Laverne King PUC, Bois Forte Band
• Curits Nordwall, Silver Star, Red Lake band
• 1st Lt. Lewis O'Jibway (Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians) Bronze Star, (OSS and CIA)
• Joseph Raisch
• S/Sgt. Clifton J. Rabideaux (5 clusters), Fond-du-Lac Band 
• Aviation Radioman Petty Officer First Class Oliver B. Rasmussen, Purple Heart. Was Chief of one of the Northern Wisconsin bands. Evaded capture for 68 days in Japan after his Curtiss SB2C Helldiver went down[251]. A new reference states he was seriously injured. The United States does not have a medal for evasion in enemy territory. The outcome for captured American aviators in Japan was not good.
• Omar Schoenborn, POW, White-Earth band reported KIA.  He was one of 83 men who survived the sinking of the Japanese  Arisan Maru transport off Leyte by a US submarine. He  swam ashore evading the Japanese until American forces liberated the island.

WWII CANADA WOUNDED IN ACTION:

          *  Lambert Sanderson, Pinaymootang First Nation, Europe  

MICHIGAN WWII: Purple Heart  wounded in action:

• Homer L. Jackson, Grand Traverse Band
• Irving J. Theodore, Saginaw, Pacific
• Sgt. Thurlow McClellan, Grand Traverse Band , Palaus
•  Pvt. David Sowmick, Purple Heart, Saginaw Band

MINNESOTA WWII: Purple Heart wounded in action:

• T/Sgt.Andrew Amyotte,  Fond-du-Lac
• Sgt. Eugene Amyotte, Fond-du-Lac
• Sgt.William Amyotte,  Fond-du-Lac 
• Herbert Beaulieu, Germany
• Daniel Bellanger, Red-Lake, France
• Pfc. Marcel Bisson, White-Earth Band
• David Bobolink, Leech Lake band
• Pfc. Edward George Burns,  Guam
• Edward Clark, White Earth band
• John Davis,  France
• James Deschamps, France
• Simon Desjarlait, Red-Lake? Belgium
• Jeffrey Duhaime, Grand Portage band?
•  Louis Dunn, Cass Lake band, Germany
• Harry Fairbanks, Leech Lake band, France
• Pfc. William Good,amputee,  Red Lake band,  Germany
• Cpl Rodney Graham, Sicily 
• Eugene Howes, Fond-du-Lac band, Italy
• William Howes, Fond-du-Lac band, Pacific
• Eugene Johnson, Cassino
• William Jourdain, Red Lake band 
• Maurice Kelley, Germany
• Robert King, France
• Edward Laundrie, Fond-du-Lac Band
• Frank N. Lajeunesse, Normandy, White-Earth
• Louis Livingston, Bronze Star,  Leyte
• Jimmie Lussier,  Red-Lake band?
• George L. Mason, Germany
• Ben E. Mitchell, Leech Lake band
• David Munell, Leech Lake band
• Mark Naganub, Fond-du-Lac
• Delmar Needham, Red-Lake band?
• Stanley Nordwall, Prisoner of War Medal, PUC,  (Bronze Arrow with the Orange Lanyard: Belgium Military Order of William only given to the 82nd Airborne, the arrow represents the Croix de Guerre for the unit )  Red Lake band https://www.pipestonestar.com/articles/band-of-warriors/
• John Northrup, France
• Lloyd Paro,  Belgian Fourragere,  French Fourragere and a Military Order of William orange Lanyard, Netherlands,  Grand Marais band, 
• Everett Ojibway, Germany
• Johnson Ray,  Germany
• Phillip Ray, Luzon
• Raymond F. Roberts, France
• Eugene Savage, Germany
• Burdette Shearer, Germany
• Gerald Sheehy, Italy
• Harry Smith, France
• Kelly Stanley, 
• Wallace D. Stewart, France
• George H. Trombley,  Luzon
• Pfc. Fran A. Toutloff, Bois Forte band, Pacific
• Pfc. Robert Wendling, Fond-du-Lac,  Germany
• Alfred Whitecloud, with oak Leaf cluster, Leech Lake band, New Guinea
• Stephen Zimmerman,Leyte

WWII CANADA KILLED IN ACTION;

  *  Lambert A. Marsden,  Chippewas of Rama First Nation, Germany 

  *  Pvt. James M. Commanda, C France

  *  Pvt. Clarance M. Golais, Nipissing First Nation, France
 *  F/S Gerald Obtagesic, Nipissing First Nation
 *  Pvt. Ambrose Stevens, Nipissing First Nation, Europe
 *  Pvt. Lawrence K. Whiteduck, Nipissing First Nation, Europe

MICHIGAN WWII: Purple Heart Killed in Action:

  *  Sgt. Joseph Graverette,  Saginaw band,  Belgiuim

  *  Pfc. John L. King, Grand Traverse band, Normandy

  *  Pvt. Nicolas J. Naganashe, Grand Traverse band, Normandy

  *  Ben Odemin, Grand Traverse band, Palau

  *  Pfc. Mose L. Smith, Grand Traverse band,

  *  Pvt. Ben Walker, Grand Traverse band,

MINNESOTA WWII: Purple Heart killed in action:

  *   Pfc. Jacob Anderson ,France, 

  *    S1C Clifford John Antell, White-Earth band, CVE-56 sunk 

  *    Pfc. Richard Boshey,  Fond-du-Lac band, Belgium

  *    Eddie Brown, Italy

  *    George Brunette, U.S.A.

  *    Pvt. Francis S. Bushman, POW Medal, Grand Portage band,  Bataan,                           died Manchukuo, China

  *  Sgt. Lawrence Carl, Red-Lake band, Luzon

  *   Sgt. Sylvester Charboneau,  White Earth band, At Sea

  *   Frederick Critt, Leech Lake

  *   Pvt. Wesley Eagle, NavyCross, White Earth band, Iwo Jima

  *   James L. Johnson,Leech Lakeband? France

  *   Pfc. Richard Johnson, Leech Lake band,  Africa  

  *   George Kelly,Leech Lake band,  France 

  *   Adolph King, Red Lake band, France     

  *  Sgt. John S. Mercer, Air Maadal, Fond-du-Lac, Germany

  *  Dominic Misquadace, Fond-du-Lac?

  *  Pfc. Peter Morgan, Leech Lake band, France 

  *  Pvt. Dean Ottershaw, White-Earth band, Pacific

  *  William J. Potter,  Otter Tail band of Pillagers?, Italy

  *  Pvt. Ralph Robinson, Leech Lake band, Germany

  *  Pfc. Richard Sailor, White-Earth band,  France

  *  Cpl. George Sheehy, AAC, Italy

  *  FM2 Martin E. Simons, DD-350 Pacific typhon

  *  Charles V. Smith, White Earth band

  *  Kelly Stanley

  *  Pfc. Lyman Tanner, Cass-Lake band, Luzon

  *  Lewis E.Taylor, Germany

  *  Pvt. Robert TeJohn, White-Earth band, Luzon

  *  Pfc. Jesse J. Tibbetts,  Leech Lake, band,  English Channel U-boat

  *  Hubert W. Williams, White-Earth band Belgium

  *  Joseph L. Weaver, 2 Purple Hearts, White-Earth band, Belgium

  *   Pfc. Vincent Zimmerman, Grand-Portage band? Europe 

NORTH DAKOTA WWII: Purple Heart killed in action:

   *  Pfc. William A. Davis, Turtle Mountain band, New Guinea 

WISCONSIN WWII:  Purple Heart killed in action:

  *  Richard J. Ackley,  (Sokaogon Mole Lake Band?) Italy,

  *  T/5 James I. Cook, Silver Star Luzon  

  *  SSgt. Robert G. Duffy,  Air Medal, Red Cliff band,    

  *  James C. Ford, Jr. Bad River band? Italy

  *  Milan St. Germaine,  Lac du Flambeau band, France  

• Somewhere 40 Chippewa woman formed a  brigade for the home defense and sources do not identify the where or when.
• USAT Chippewa 14 October 1943 the War Department, assigned the vessal to the US Army Small Ship Section, Southwest-Pacific Area as a bareboat charter.
• USCGC Ojibwa 1944 (WYT-97) Apalachee-class tug
• USS Chippewa (AT-69) was commissioned 1943
• USS Wabanquot was commissioned 1945 (YTB-525) Hisada class tug.
• 1943 King George VI awarded the Chief of the Red-Gut band (Nicikousemenecaning band) the British Empire Medal along with the Chiefs of three other tribes.

KOREA:

• Leroy Aitkin, Purple Heart KIA, Leech Lake band
• Wayne Babeau, Purple Heart KIA Leech Lake band
• Sgt. Benny Bowstring,  POW Medal MIA, Leech-Lake Band, Died from starvation as a POW, remains not returned
•  Martin B, Chevrier,  Nipissing First Nation KIA
• Allen Derouin, PUC, Ojibwe First Nation
• Leroy Fairbanks, Purple Heart, Leech Lake
• Pvt. Richard Marvin Fairbanks, Bronze Star, White-Earth Band,  KIA
• Joseph N. Goggleye, Purple Heart, KIA, Bois Forte
• Francis Humphrey, Silver Star, Bronze Star Oak Leaf Cluster, Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• George Humphery, Silver Star, Leech Lake Band
• Charles Lincoln, Purple Heart, Leech Lake
• ,Cpl, Charles Jackson Littlejohn, Silver Star, White-Oak-Point Band, KIA
• Donald B. Munnell, Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• Delbert Ray Snell,  Bronze Star , KIA  White-Oak-Point Band
• Pfc. Julis S. Tepakeyah, Purple Heart, KIA Grand Traverse band,
• Albert L. Whitebird,  Silver Star, Chief of the Bad-River Band
• Herbert Daniels  PUC Long Plain First Nation
• Sgt. Tommy Prince PUC wounded twice
• Erenst Robinson, Purple Heart MIA, Leech Lake Band
• Bernard J. Rock, Purple Heart w/2 oak Leaf clusters, White Earth band 
• Leon Xavier Fontaine, wounded,  Sagkeeng First Nation 
•  William George Mann,  Oak Leaf for bravery, wounded twice,  Sagkeeng First Nation  

VIETNAM:

• John Connor, Purple Heart, Bois Forte band
• Darell Dorman, Purple Heart KIA, Leech Lake band
• Aaron Fairbanks, POW, Leech Lake band
• Donald Fairbanks, Bronze Star, Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• Fred K Jackson Jr. Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• Richard Kingbird, Purple Heart, Leech Lake Band
• Loren Lyons, Bzeron Star, Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• Micheal Masten, Purple Heart, White Earth band
• James Monchamp, Purple Heart, Leech Lake band
• Corpsman 3rd Class Donald Parrish, Silver Star, Bay-Mills Band
• Gordan A. Rogers Sr., Purple Hearta, Bois Forte band
• Terry W. Seelye, Bronze Star, Bois Forte band
• Donald N. Spence, Purple Heart KIA Leech Lake band
• Clyde C.Tibbetts, Purple Heart, White Earth band
• Martin D. Waukazu, Purple Heart, White Earth band

IRAQ;

• Richard J-D Aspinall, Purple Heart, White Earth
• Force Master Chief James D. Fairbanks, Silver Star, White-Earth Band,
• Spc. Dwayne J. McFarline Jr. Purple Heart KIA, Cass Lake
•  Doug Tiyza,Sacrifice Medal,  Peguis First Nation
• Gabrie H. Wakanabo, Purple Heart

WALL OF WARRIORS: compiled by the Leech Lake Veterans Affairs Office:  https://www.llojibwe.org/tribalassistance/vetsDocs/vetsMemorial%20Wall.pdf

• In 2015 Congress authorized a Code Talkers Medal for the Fond-du-Lac band of Chippewa

• USNS Saginaw Ojibwe Anishinabek (T-ATS-8) commissioned 2019
• USNS James D. Fairbanks (T-ATS-13 under construction)
• CUSCGC Chippewa (WLR-75404)  Coast Guard river class buoy tender cutter 

In 1889 plans and specifications for a Indian School at Pipestone were drawn up.[274]  Attendence at the non-reservation boarding schools was by application.   The length of attendence was specified by the parent on the application.   The school surerintendent actively recruited students from reservations until the BIA forbide it.  For Pipestone that was never an issue as many years there were more applications than beds.

In 1890 it was reported tribes had requested a school at the Yankton tribe's Pipestone Reservation.[275] An  appropriation of $30,000 was requested and $25,000 was approved. The Bureau of Indian Affairs took 100 acres of the reservation land to build the Pipestone Indian Industrial School adjacent to the Pipestone Quarry. The Yankton people long contested that loss and won before the Supreme Court years later. It was one of the BIA's 25 non-reservation boarding schools and amongst the last to be closed. When the school opened the majority of native Americans in Minnesota were Ojibwa and they dominated the school's enrollment throughout it's history. The school had grades 1-8 with a split curriculum, mornings and afternoon groups switching: academics and occupation skills. The school fielded both girls and boys sports teams[276] [277] [278] Post WWI, the Pipestone student body became more diverse, but White-Earth remained the primary source of students until the school closed. Attendance was voluntary and by application. The School superintendent made visits to reservations both in and outside Minnesota to recruit students. The circumstances for the attendance of orphans at the school are not published. In 1952, last year the school was supposed to be open, over 300 students wanted to attend, however due to budget reductions only 130 from Minnesota were accepted. Post WWII newspapers portray the school's secondary tasking as an orphanage.[279] [280] Leaders of the Chippewa were against closing Pipestone School until something could be done to place the kids in permanent situations.[281] 

Despite it's location on the Yankton Pipestone reservation it was considered an off-reservation school because their was no resident population.

1891 The Yankton tribe filed a complaint that the school would be placed on the Yankton Pipestone reservation not adjacent to it.[282][283]

1893 The Pipestone Superintendent passed through Marshall, MN with three groups of kids. Two were from White-Earth and Mille-Lacs. The third were Sioux he brought via St Paul.[284]

1894 the Avoca Catholic boarding school for Indian girls closed. The students were transferred to Pipestone and Flandreau after permission was received from the parents.[285]

1895 The Superintendents of the Indian schools at Pipestone and Pierre S.D. both went to White-Earth looking to enroll students. Pipestone got 8 or 9.[286]

1897 Six bright students were escorted back to the Rosebud Agency when classes ended in the Spring [287] In the Fall it was reported 67 Ojibwa children from the Detroit Lakes area were enroute to Pipestone.[288][289]

1899 C.J. Crandall, the first Superintendent of Pipestone wrote that the legends surrounding the red Pipestone were mostly the creations of the "white man".[290][291]

1900 Congress considered buying the Pipestone Reservation[292]

1901 Pipestone's students won 12 bronze medals in Agricultural Products at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.[293][294]

1902 School enrollment reported at 135 mostly Chippewa.[295][289]

1904 Bids were solicited to provide 35,000 pounds of beef for the school. The desired cuts were specified as well as what would be rejected.[296]

1905 The White-Earth Tomahawk reported the Pipestone School matron, Miss Roy, returned for the new school year accompanied by many White Earth students.[297] White Earth Chief William Madison was the Boys Advisor at Pipestone.[298]

1906 The first 3 students to graduate at Pipestone were Clem Fairbanks, Willie Coffey, and Willie McIntosh from White-Earth. In 1906 enrollment was 215.[299]

1908 the BIA prohibited non-reservation school superintendents from going to reservations and recruiting students.[300] The head of the BIA felt too much money was being spent on the training programs at the non-reservation schools and that they should have the same curriculums as public schools.

1912 the students began publishing a school newspaper that some claim make it the first indigenous newspaper in the country.[301] However, The Oglala Light began publishing at the Oglala Indian Training School in Pine Ridge, South Dakota in 1900.

ca. 1914 Two girls displaying a large example of Ojibwa beadwork at Pipestone.[302]

1915 Congress Approbations for the Minnesota Chippewa: Pipestone School $51,725, $4,000 support of the Chippewa school of the Mississippi bands. A request was made to reserve the mineral rights of all tribal land taken by the whites. Another provision was made for a welfare payment be authorized for any tribal member that was destitute, ill, or incapacitated.[303]

1916 The BIA allocated Indian schools $167/student while PITS was spending $224/student[304] In 1914 the boys made the Tri-state Indian school championship.[305]

1918 School enrollment reported at 165: Chippewa 75, Sioux 55, Winnebago 19, Omaha 19.[289] During commencement PITS displayed a service banner with 35 stars for former students in uniform for WWI.[306]

1927 school enrollment was 340 the school's maximum, many applications were turned down[307]

1927 The school boyscouts preformed Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha for the first time.  It became a annual school activity that was later adopted as a community activity.  A Charles Morrison was a student from 1910- 1924 who later returned as a teacher.  He was helped later, non-native, preformers learn the correct pronunciation of the Ojibwa words used in the play. (Pipestone Administrative History NM Chapter VIII, NPS 2025,  https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/pipe/adhi8.htm )

1930 school enrollment was 315. 375.In 1930 the football team went 7-3 scoring 220 pts vs. their opponents 72. It was notable as almost all their opponents were High schools and Pipestone only went to the 9th grade. The team represented 11 tribes: Chippewa 5, Sioux 5, Gros Ventre 2, Akira 2, Sac-Fox 2, Winnebago 1, Omaha, 1, Oneida 1, and Cheyenne 1. The toughest game was against the Flandreau Indian School team.[308]

In 1932 Pipestone had it's largest enrollment. That year a Hospital was built on the school campus.[309] The building was demolished in 1999.

1940 Applications for enrollment far exceeded school capacity with many turned down to get to the preferred number of 320.

1936  Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwall and his four brothers arrived from Red Lake and state that enroolment was 136.  He also states that 54 of those student entered military service for WWII and that the school prepared them for it. .https://www.pipestonestar.com/articles/band-of-warriors/

1941 The boys basketball team made the news. It was reported that they had won a tournament two years running and were returning. They were noted for defeating the opposition routinely by 15-25 points. Because of this they had to travel over 100 miles to play teams they would or could compete with them.[310]

1947 enrollment demographics and costs per student reported. [311]

1948 the BIA proposed closing all Indian schools. The people of Pipestone said all the other schools could close except Pipestone. Because of the historical significance of the adjoining Pipestone Reservation, it should be exempted. In 1948 the Minnesota Welfare Board insisted that the Pipestone Indian School remain. The governor of Minnesota wrote numerous letters that "many of these children have no homes, no family's, or places to go". [312] That year the school and hospital closures were put off for a year.[313]

1948 Was the last year the School put on the Song of Hiawatha play due to the pending closure.  The local community assumed production in 1949.

1949 The school had nearly 400 applications but only 125 were accepted due to reduced funding. Most of those were year round residents. They did not have homes to return to during summer because they were orphans.[314] That year Minnesota U.S. Senator H.H. Humphrey made efforts on behalf of keeping Pipestone open. Le Sueur News-Herald, Mar. 9, 1949, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN [244]. Communities throughout Minnesota and South Dakota opposed the closing of the Indian School and the Hospital.[315]

In 1952 $135,000 was authorized to fund Pipestone's a last year of operations. That figure equals $1,582,819.32 in 2024 dollars or $12,662/student for 125 students.

1953 the School was scheduled for closure however, $250,000 was appropriated for the 1953-54 school year. The Indian Bureau diverted $72,000 of that money for the Minnesota foster care program for the placement of Pipestone students. The Bureau was ordered to  return the monies as well as any Pipestone students it had placed.[316]  The Chippewa opposed the closing of the Pipestone school[317][318]

*   1953 Termination Act:

House Concurrent Resolution 108 (H. Con. Res. 108), passed August 1, 1953, declared it to be the sense of Congress that it should be policy of the United States  government to abolish federal supervision over American Indian Tribes as soon as possible and to subject the Indians  to the same laws, privileges, and responsibilities as other U.S. citizens. This includes an end to reservations and tribal sovereignty, integrating Native Americans into mainstream American society.

   *  The solution to the closing of Pipestone was placing the kids in the Foster Home Program.

  *  A student's opinion of Pipestone and "The Writings of Ward Churchill Fulsome and Inflammatory", The Ojibwe News, June 10, 2005, p. 4,5, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN [245]

  *  PITS, Keeping Victimhood in Perspective, Chuck Trimble, Feb. 25, 2012 Indian Country Today, [246]

  *  Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwall of the Red Lake Nation with four brothers attended Pipestone.   With 8 kids to raise his mother saw Pipestone as a way to solve her situation.  Adam credits Pipstone with giving him the training he and his bothers needed to be prepared for military service during WWII.

 https://www.pipestonestar.com/articles/band-of-warriors/

In 1855 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow places the Chippewa at Pipestone in his Song of Hiawatha. He wrote "Here Gitche Manitou called all the tribes together".

2008 Was the last year the Song of Hiawatha was preformed at Pipestone ending what the students started over 70 years before.

Chief William Madison made the newspapers after his tenure at PITS. In 1940 he held a press conference with the media concerning the failure of the State to erect monuments acknowledging significant Chippewa history,[319] A decade later, in 1950, he ran for the office of State Senator for Minneapolis.[320]

PIPESTONE STUDENT FILES 1910 -1954  ARE AVAILABLE AT:  National Archives at Kansas City, 2025, https://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/finding-aids/pipestone-students.html   (RECORD GROUP 75) IS SUPPOSE TO CONTAIN THE YEARS 1894-1910.  Direct questions to:   
kansascity.archives@nara.gov 

OTHER INDIAN SCHOOLS:

1833 Treaty of Chicago  $5,000 was allocated for the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie tribe's children to attend the Choctaw Academy, the first boarding school in the U.S.[74] $5,000.00 equates to $187,895.24 in 2024.

1879 The Carisle Indian School opened.  Numerous Chippewa students applied to and attended  Their files are available at:     Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Cente 2025, https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/ci-search/chippewahttps://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/ci-search/chippewa

1900 The Carisle School band played the 1900 Paris Exhibition or World's Fair.   Louise LaChapelle pellaof the Leech-Lake tribe made the trip.  Her school file indicates she was progressive for her time. https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/sites/default/files/docs-ephemera/NARA_1327_b047_f2343.pdf

The first Chippewa boarding School in Michigan opened in 1893:  Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School and closed 1933.  It had students from both Wisconsin and Minnesota.

Wisconsin had Chippewa boarding schools:  Hayward Indian Boarding School, 1901-1934.  The student population  was mostly Lac Courte Oreilles band.    There was also the

1871  The first boarding school in Minnesota opened  at White-Earth.  The school newspaper was the "The Chippeway Herald ", 

1902  Another school for the Chippewa was the Morris Industrial School for Indians which opened as a Catholic School 1887-96.  BIA reopened 1898-1909.  

In the north the  Canadian Indian residential school system was funded by the Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian Churches.  Attendence became cumpulsory in 1896.

Chippewa: Steatite(soapstone) Pipes as well as: Pictographs, Petroglyphs and Petroforms

Just north of Rainy Lake, in Canada, the Chippewa had found a jet black stone, steatite/soapstone, that they used to make pipes.[252][253][254] It is slightly harder than the Red Pipestone from southern Minnesota and is less well known in comparison.[255] The Chippewa also quarried steatite near Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin and other sites in Ontario.[256] [257] [258] [259] [260] Another source has a quarry at Pillager, Minnesota and a quarry north of Duluth that produced a jet black material that took a high polish.[261]

Longfellow's poem places the Red Pipestone quarry in Ojibwa lore stating Gitche Manitou called the tribes together there.[262]

Chief Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Flat-Mouth), Leech-Lake steatite pipe, collected 1866, Smithsonian[263]

Bois-Forte steatite pipe with lead and catlinite inlaid, ca. 1900, Harvard University Peabody Museum[264]

Cass Lake pipe with lead and catlinite inlaid.[265]

Lake Winnibigoshish/Leech-Lake steatite pipe, Smithsonian[266]