3 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

Fort Abercrombie attacked. George Nicolay and Commissioner Dole were in the fort. The Chippewa of G Company 9th Minnesota helped repel the Sioux assault.

4 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

Mille-Lacs Indians St Cloud Democrat, Sept. 4, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [18]

The St Paul Daily ran the opinion that the entire Chippewa nation was waiting to to go to war against their hereditary enemy. The Philadelphia Inquirer reprinted; Sept. 8, 1862, Newspapers.com, 2023, [19]

The Stillwater Messenger ran the same opinion on September 9 Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewa? Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS [20]                                                 

6 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

Mlle-Lacs, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands offer to fight Sioux at Fort Ripley.  Sandy Lake doesn't get mentioned because they were considered Mille Lacs.

In his obituary for Mille-Lacs Chief Shaw-bosh-kung, Bishop Henry Whipple wrote the Chief brought all the warriors he could to Fort Ripley on 6 September 1862. He did, men from the Sandy-Lake, Snake-River, Chippewa-River bands all accompanied the Chief. At Ripley the Chief offered the Fort Commander to fight the Sioux and protect the Fort from an attack by Hole-in-the-Day. The fort was taken by their arrival waving the American and Mille Lacs flags, beating drums and recorded it was a sight to be seen. Indian Commissioner Dole happened to be present and "told Shaw-bosh-kung the Mille-Lacs could remain on their Reservation for 1,000 years, but that they should return home and they would be contacted if needed". However, War Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee chose to remain as did 300 warriors. When he did that the townspeople of Little Falls asked for protection and he sent them 150 warriors. It is not recorded if that number came out of the 300 or that they were in addition to. In a nutshell, the Chippewa voluntarily provided security to U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls. There is nothing comparable in U.S. history. The U.S. response has no comparable either. The Ojibwa Chiefs were invited to Washington DC right after the Mankato executions. Lincoln took Shaw-bosh-kung's hand and repeated what the Indian Commissioner had said: "The Mille-Lacs could remain 1,000 years on their Reservation". Then it was included in the 1863 Chippewa treaty they signed. Additionally, the treaty states that the Sandy Lake band cannot be removed without Presidential review. That stipulation indicates that they did something extraordinary in the eyes of the Government. Those same provisions were included in the 1864 Chippewa treaty too. The contrast with what was happening with the Dacotah treaties at the time could not be greater. That continued with the two tribes Historic narratives.

The Mille-Lacs Chiefs; "we will The hold your hand in friendship until this trouble is over".

Mille-Lacs letter 3 Sept requesting council at Fort Ripley and requesting that it not be thought strange that many of their men were absent. They would be helping in the rice harvest. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [21]

Detailed Indian agent account of Chippewa activity in early September made no mention of Chippewa offers to fight. Letter from Shaw-Bosh-King states he will relay his message in person. The agent does not include he said that. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 2, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS [50]

Newspapers that published the Mille-Lacs offer to fight the Sioux

• Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 17, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Philadelphia Inquirer, 10 Oct. 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com 2023
• Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept, 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• Prescott Journal, Sept, 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• Rochester Republican, Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept. 12, 1863, p.2 , Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

Mille-Lacs offer Fort Ripley. The Dakota conflict and its reverberations in Mille Lacs, The Moccasin Telegraph Feb. 7, 2007 [22]

Mille-Lacs role in the Uprising, Tell the Mille-Lacs what Danger they are in, Chapter 5, "Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III)", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, POB 2172, La Cross, WS, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, 1973, p. 100-118 [23] [24]

Mille-Lacs sent Indian Commissioner letter requesting to fight the Sioux The Chippewas for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [25]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee words at Fort Ripley: "When you make war upon the white settlers, you make war upon us: and if you fight them you will have to fight us", Mille-Lac Indians, Little Falls Transcript, Feb. 1, 1884, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2023 [26]

War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee actions at Fort Ripley, Loyalty of the Mille-Lacs, D.H. Robbins, The Princeton Union, May 16, 1907, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [27]

The Mille-Lacs were loyal The Government owes them a DEBT, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug. 26, 1902, p.11, Newspapers.com, 2023 [28]

White-Earth Chief Wain-ge-ma-dub wrote that he remained 8 days at Fort Ripley with Mou-zoo-mau-nee. About Mou-Zoo-mau-Nee, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 4, 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [29]

6 SERTEMBER,  1862:

Mille-Lacs band protection of Little Falls

The Mou-zoo-mau-nee sent 150 warriors to safeguard the Little Falls when the townspeople requested protection. About Mou-zoo-mau-nee, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 4, 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, [30]

People of Little Falls send a letter to President R. B. Hayes in support of Mille-Lacs for sending 100 warriors in 1862, History of Morrison County, Little Falls Transcript, Apr, 16, 1880, p.1, Newapapers.com, 2023

This event is maintained in the Mille-Lacs band oral history.

The State of Minnesota erected a 10' granite monument at Fort Ridgely in recognition of these Chippewa actions.

9 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

Hole-in-the-Day requests all warriors from Wisconsin

Newspapers that published Hole-in-the-Day's request for Wisconsin Warriors:

• Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital hub, 2023, MNHS [101]
• The Goodhue Volunteer(Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minn.), Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• Prescott Journal, Sept 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Rochester Republican Sept. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• Chatfield Democrat Sept. 13, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Hamilton Spectator(Ontario, Canada), Sept. 18, 1862, p.8, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, Nov. 5, 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024[102]

9 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

St. Croix bands

"Nothing would please the Chippewa Nation more than to be asked... they are ready on both sides of the river and from Chengwatana to Superior, Wisconsin. Will We Have Troubles With the Chippewas?" The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [31]

A trader at Taylors Falls claimed he could get 500 Chippewa to fight.

The Chippewas, The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept. 10, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [32] (The Snake-River band is mentioned as being at Fort Ripley with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

The Chippewas, Prescott Journal, Sept. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [33] (The Chippewa-River band mentioned as being with Shaw-Bosh-Kung)

Inter-tribal warfare between the St. Croix and Long lake bands made news in October 1862.[103]

12 SEPTEMBER,  1862:

100 Mille-Lacs band offer to fight Sioux at St Cloud

75 Mille-Lacs St Cloud, Chippewas on the Warpath, Goodhue County Republican, Sept. 12, 1862, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023, MNHS [34]

Mille-Lacs Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 12, 1862, p. 1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [35]

Mille-Lacs Indians Hokah Chief, Sept. 16, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [36]

 IF ANY FOOTNOTES DO NOT WORK GO TO : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcb133aco/sandbox2

Indian commissioner Dole's account of meeting Hole-in-the-Day claimed the Chief was "insolent".  The Anaconda Standard published Hole-in-the-Day's account that disputes Dole's. The Chippewa War 1862: Daniel S. Mooer's Account of interview with Hole-in-the-Day, The Anaconda Standard, 8 Nov. 1898, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2023 [37]

The Office of the Supt. of Indian Affairs version of "The History of the Chippewa Troubles",  The Saint Paul Daily Press,  Oct. 2, 1862, p.2

Both chambers the Minnesota legislature agreed to send Gov. Ramsey and a Commission, with the authority to resolve the Chippewa issues, to meet Hole-in-the-Day at Crow Wing.[105]   When the commission and Gov. got to Crow Wing waiting to meet him were the top leaders of the Minnesota Chippewa.  It was a surprise, as he thought he was just meeting Chief Hole-in-the-Day:

*  Hole in the Day, Cass Lake, Pug-a-nay--ke-shig

*  Berry Picker, Pillager,  Kaw-nun-dah-wa-we-zo (Kaa-nun-der-waaguinse-zo)

*  Chorrister,  Po-ke-ga-ma, May-yaw-ge-way-we-dung, (Ba-gah-wey-we-wedung)

*  Crossing Sky,  Rabbit Lake,  I-ah-we-ke-shig, (Ah-ah-shaw-we-ke-shick)

*  Returning Echo,  Sandy Lake,  I-ah-be-day-we-dung (Ah-aw-be-dway-we-dung)

*  Sky that touches the ground,  Rabbit Lake,  Me-sheck-ke-ke-shig, (Me-jaw-ke-ke-schick)

*  Noon Day, (band unidentified) Nay-taw-we-ke-shig, (Now-we-ke-schick)

*  White Fisher,  Gull Lake,  (Waub-o-geag or Wah-bo-jeeg)

*  Flatmouth, Leach Lake (Ne-gun-e-bin-ace or Ne-gah-ne-bin-ace-quay)

*  The Buffalo,  Leach Lake, (Be-sheck-ke)

*  One Sided Winner, (Nay-bun,ay-osh or Na-bah-nay-aush)

Instead twenty Chippewa leaders, of which at least 10 were Chiefs, were there and offered to fight Sioux when they met the Governor and the Commission. The Governor and Commission were "taken with the offers" and returned to St. Paul where Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was also "taken" when he was informed.  Those opposed to Chippewa military service were President Lincoln, Major General Pope and Brigadier General Sibley.  Commissioner Dole tried for 12 days to get a meeting with Hole-in-the-Day. When the Chief did show up, he surprised Dole by bringing 300 warriors who quickly encircled the Commissioner's party.[106]  The meeting produced a treaty addressing the Chippewa concerns.  Three copies were made, one for Governor Ramsey, one for Chief Hole-in-the-Day, and one for Chief Flat-Mouth. 

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. 20 Chippewa leaders offer, Appendix, Journal of the House of Representatives, State of Minnesota 1862, Wm. R. Marshall, Press Printing Company, St Paul, pp.135-8 [38] (Chief May-Zhuc-Ke-Ge-Shig spelling variation)

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. met Senator Rice, Judge Cooper and Major Hatch, Minnesota History Magazine [39]

Newspapers that reported the "Chippewa Embassy" offers to fight the Sioux:

• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV, No.14, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 23, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The New Your Herald, Sept, 25, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023
• Goodhue County Republican Red Wing, Minnesota, Sept. 26 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol.7 No 10, Oct. 1, 1862, 2023 Newspapers.com
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 26, Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023(Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth list of Chiefs)[1]
• Liverpool Albion, Oct. 20, 1862,British Newspapers Archives, London, 2024[107]
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 19, 1862, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

Crow Wing Agency reports 13, 14, 15, Sept. St. Paul Daily, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [40]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley scouts 1862, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress. 2023 [41]

Senator Rice opined the Chippewa could be "induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux". The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com [42]

19 Sept about 40 warriors offer to fight the Sioux at the Crow Wing Agency and were sent to St Paul to be armed. From the Upper Mississippi, The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 30, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [43]

Ramsey and Legislative Commission liked Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. The Chippewas have a long standing hostility to the Sioux The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 10 Oct. 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [44]

Ramsey and Legislative Commission like the Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. Chester Chronicle (England), 25 Oct. 1862, British Newspaper Archives, [45]

Chiefs of 21 Bands tendered their services to fight the Sioux. Delegation Of Chippewas Goodhue County Republican, Sept. 26, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [46]

Other newspapers that reported the Chippewa coming to St. Paul thinking that they were going to war:

• The New York Herald No. 9511, Sept. 28, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Chester Chronicle, Oct. 25, 1862, Chester England, p.2, 2023, The British Newspaper Archive[112]
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023
• The New York Herald, Sept. 25, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 2023
• Chicago Daily Tribune Vol. XV, No. 68, Sept. 25, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress
• Buffalo Evening Post, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3,(New York) Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 25, 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Portland Daily Press, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Cleveland Morning Leader Vol. XVI, No. 229, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Muscatine Weekly Journal, Sept. 26, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Fremont Journal, Sept. 26, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Weekly Ottumwa Courier Vol. XIV, No.29, Sept. 27, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Detroit Free Press Vol. XXVI No. 105, Sept. 28, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Daily Gate City Vol. 9 No. 179 (Keokuk, Iowa), Library of Congress, 2023
• The Kansas State Journal, Oct. 2, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Courier Journal, Vol. XXXII, No.263,(Louisville, Ky), Oct. 2, 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Memphis Daily Appeal, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Emporia News Vol. V No. 50, Oct. 4, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Times-Picayune, Oct. 8, 1862, p.2, 2023, Newspapers.com
• The Daily Delta Vol XVII No.238 (New Orleans), Oct. 11, 1862, p.1, 2023, Newspapers.com
• Liverpool Albion (England), Oct, 20, 1862, British Newspaper Archive[113]
• The Zanesville Daily Courier, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Daily State Sentinel, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Indianapolis Star, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Bedford Gazette, Vol. 58, No.3024, Oct. 3, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Baltimore Sun, Sept. 26, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Potter Journal, Oct. 22, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023

-  General Pope: "No  Chippewa Service, Not good public policy" -

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...The Portland Daily Press, Oct. 04, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [141]

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...Cleveland Morning Leader, Oct. 6, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [142]

Chippewa visitors, Gov Ramsey told them word would be sent when they were needed to fight the Sioux St. Paul Daily Press, Sept. 24, 1862, No. 149, p.1, 2023 , Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [47] 

- - HOLE-IN-THE-DAY OFFERED SIBLEY SCOUTS - -The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [48]

- - Many of the Chippewa visiting St. Paul in 1862 had their images recorded at one of the city's two Photo Studios - - The Minnesota Historical Society has copies of the photo postcards Whitney Studio sold of these images in their achieves.

Chippewa Chiefs at Whitney Gallery, Peabody Museum [49]

• Aw-Ke-Wen-Zee, Head Chief of the Lac-Centre-Orielle bands of Chippewa, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1862[114]
• Aamoons or Little Bee, Chief at Lac-du-Flambeau [115]
• Ah-Ah-Shaw-We-Ke-Shick Chief of Rabbit-Lake Chippewas[115]
• Be-She-Kee or Buffalo Head Chief Leech-Lake band c.1862[116]
• Ne-bah-quah-om (Big-Dog), Chief of the Pillager band Chippewa[115]
• Wa-bon-au-quot Chief at Gull Lake[115]

On 29 September the Chippewa preformed the Pipe Dance for the people of St. Cloud conveying their friendship.[117]  

On October first The Red Wing newspaper reported that the special session of the State Legislature passed a bill calling for a memorial to President Lincoln for ratifying resolutions of Legislature with the Chippewa.[118]

Reported at the time, was that the Dacotah had learned that the Commission had been sent to treat with the Red Lake Chippewa. The commission was comprised of U.S. Senator Wilkinson, Indian Commissioner Dole, Indian Superintendent Thompson, A.S.H. White Bureau of Indian Affairs, and J. G. Nicollay.[119] The Sioux thought that the commission was going to give their annuities to the Red-Lakers and sent a war party to intervene.[119]

About the same time, the Santee Sioux made a raid on Fort Abercrombie driving off all the livestock.[120][121] Included in the livestock were 200 head of treaty cattle intended for the Red-Lake band.[122][123] [124] The cattle and 30 wagons of treaty goods had been diverted to Abercrombie for safe keeping from a Santee Sioux attack.[125] These actions contributed to the cancellation of the treaty Commission meeting with the Red-Lake and Pembina bands and the failure of the expected treaty goods distribution, unbeknownst to the Red Lakers.[126] That caused the Chippewa to raid a wagon train headed for Fort Gerry for supplies they needed. The Red Lakers objected to the Pembina band taking cattle and saw that the animals were returned.[121] However, when the Red-Lakers were informed that the Santee Sioux actions were the cause of the delay of the Treaty Commission meeting them and that the Sioux had their treaty cattle, they offered to defend the frontier from the Santee.[127][128]

The Chippewa treaty wagon trains and goods arrived at Fort Abercrombie.[129]

• The Red Lakers offer to defend the frontier. The Chippewa for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept. 9, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [130]

Fort Abercrombie, DT, was initially attacked twice and then encircled. In desperation of assistance, Captain Van der Hoeck, Abercrombie's commander, sent a request to the Chippewa at La Grand Fourche for assistance. Pierre Bottineau reported 60 warriors volunteered immediately. After a day of discussion the request was denied.[131]

Late September the noted frontier guide Pierre Bottineau encountered 750 Red-Lakers on the prairie who informed him of the events he had missed. He also learned that they were "friendly" in the colloquialism of the day.[117] 

Included in the Red-Lake and Pembina bands annuity goods were 50 shotguns that were distributed to the civilian defenders at Fort Abercrombie.

3 October the Red-Lake and Pembina bands informed commissioners that Hole-in-the-Day asked them to join him against the Government for the violations of the Chippewa Indian Agent. Red-Lake Chiefs said no, he felt Hole-in-the-Day was asking Red Lake to join the Sioux and he would not Hole-in-the-Day forget that.[132] Some, in the southern part of the state, equated the Chippewa issues with the Dacotah issues and assumed the tribes were unified or in "cohoots".

7 November it was reported that the Red-Lakers plundered a Fort Gerry supply train at Grand Forks while waiting for the Government to show up to sign a treaty and give them annuities so that they could buy supplies. It was a matter of hunger and urgency for the Ojibway.[133]

"Ah-Shaw-Way-Gee-She-Go-Qua" or "Hanging Cloud"

Hanging-Cloud's father,  Na-na-wong-ga-be,  was the Chief at Rice Lake Wisconsin. His band was a sub-band of the Lac-Court-Oreille. In one account she had a vision of joining a war party against the Sioux. It came to past that she led a war party into Minnesota where she killed and scalped four enemy. This entitled her to wear 4 eagle feathers and the men acknowledged by giving her full warrior lodge status.[140] Another story has that when her father was killed she avenged his death by killing three Sioux. Combined she could wear 7 eagle feathers.

"★  A Real Amazon or Hanging-Cloud  ★",  The Southern Enterprise Vol. X No. 2, 14 May 1863, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023 [63]  The article states she led a war party and battled the Sioux for two days during the Mdewakantnon Uprising.  It states the Chippewa killed nine, four of which fell to Hanging Cloud.

A Chippewa Princess, New York Herald, Jan. 13, 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [64]

A Chippewa Princess, New York Dispatch, Jan. 20, 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [65]

Aazhawigiizhigokwe: Hanging-Cloud, Across the Sky Woman, Jaguar Bird, Youtube, 2024 [66]

“The Princess” Ah-Shaw-Way-Gee-She-Go-Qua The Hanging Cloud: The Chippewas of Lake Superior, Dr. Richard E. Morse of Detroit, Vo. III of the State Historical Society’s Wisconsin Historical Collections, 1857, p.349-354, La Pointe Bands Part 1, Leo Filipczak, Chequamegon History, 2025 [67]

Chief Nenaangebi left the payment of 1855 at La Pointe: The Twins, Timm Severud, Rootsweb.com 2025 [68]

Ogimaakwe (Oh-gih-maah-quay) Pembina band's oral history as Head-woman, boss-lady, Warrior-Queen. Is said to have lead war parties.[141]

The Pembina band lists three women as Principal Nehiyaw Pwat “Iron Confederacy” Matriarchs for tribal enrollment: Machequayaince Adik Songab, Techomegood Adik Songab, Utinawasis Adik Songab.[142]

A military outpost was established at the St. Croix band village on the Snake River, for 4 years, in response to the Mdewakaton uprising. History of Pine city and Chengwatana, http://www.pinecityhistory.com/2016.114.pdf

The first unit posted to Chengwatana was the Ramsey Picket Guards militia[144]

 John Nicolay was sent to represent the President at the Chippewa treaty on the Red River. He was a member of the group accompanying Indian Commissioner Dole. He was present when Commissioner Dole met Hole-in-the-day and witnessed the Chief's surprise tactic of bringing 300 warriors with. Nicolay was at Fort Abercrombie when the Red Lakers treaty cattle were raided.[135] He and the treaty commission were still at Abercrombie when the fort was attacked on September 3, 1862.  He would have witnessed the Chippewa in G Company involved in the repulse of the Sioux attack which allowed him and the treaty party to escape back to Sauk Rapids and St. Cloud. Lincoln would have been informed of his firsthand Chippewa/Sioux experience.

Interview with the Chippewa, Nicolay attending, The Indian War in Minnesota Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, 5 Nov. 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [61]

*  Nicolay at Fort Ripley[136] 

*  Nicolay Chippewa country[137] 

*  What Mr. Nicolay says about the Indian War[138]

*  Nicolay spent 6 weeks in Minnesota for the Chippewa.[139]

*  July-Sept, 1862: John G. Nicolay Papers: Transcripts, 1860-1865, Library of Congress, 2025 [62]

In January Gov. Ramsey told the Lake Superior Chippewa Chiefs that the Sioux would be chastised and made penitent by the upcoming expeditions.[145] The Chippewa did not give up trying to offer to help fight the Sioux during the war. Minnesota's politicians attempted to go around General Pope by going directly to the Secretary of War, to create a Indian Battalion of 1,000 Chippewa. Pope had sufficient rank to undo the effort. Chief Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his Dakota Expedition and was turned down. Sibley was one of those that objected to Chippewa service from the start. E.A.C. Hatch had been was chosen to command the Indian Battalion due to his past with the Ojibwa. Hole-in-the- Day knew him well and endorsed him "as the man for the job" offering his warriors service. However, Sibley and Pope were Hatch's commanders and they opposed Chippewa service. In 1865 Hole-in-the-Day lamented that the Chippewa had been denied to opportunity to fight the south when their service was not accepted.

Delegation of Chippeway Chiefs, Cleveland Daily Leader 3 Feb. 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, [69] They boarded the river boat the Golden Star at Reads Landing, St. Paul, 19 Mar. 1863. The St. Paul Daily Press.

Eight Lake Superior Chiefs go to Washington to gain permanent possession of their lands: Fond-du-Lac, Lac- Courte-Oreille, and Lac-La-Flambeau, Chicago Tribune, Jan. 21863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [70]

Lamoille News Dealer, Hyde Park, VT, Feb. 19, 1863, p.4 , Library of Congress 2023, [71]

Chippewa Chiefs, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jan. 23, 1863, p.10, Library of Congress, 2023, [72]

Chiefs have beautiful names. Prescott Journal, Jan. 28, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [73]

Offered to fight the Sioux or the South for Lincoln. The Chippewa Chiefs Homeward Bound, Chicago Tribune, Mar. 17, 1863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [74]

1863 Chippewa Treaty, Article 12: Mille-Lacs, The Saint Paul Daily Press Apr. 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [75]

In April, all Santee Sioux treaties were cancelled by congress and the unfinalized Chippewa Old Crossing Treaty of 1862 was finally signed. Article IX stipulated the creation 2 one mile square (640 acres) Reservations for Chief Red-Bear and Chief Moose-Dung.[146] Trouble among the Chippewa, 4 Chiefs killed for signing treaty including Chief Crossing-Sky, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 15, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [76] (It was later reported that there was no treaty issue and that Crossing-Sky was killed in a family dispute.)

Hole-in-the-Day offer,  Can do more with 100 warriors than 1000 white soldiers, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol.XV, No.7, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [77]

Newspapers that reported Hole-in-the-day's offer to fight the Sioux:

• Chicago Daily Tribune Vol XVI, No.297, Jun. 4, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Rochester Republican, Jun. 10, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub 2023, MNHS
• Minnesota Staats-zeitung, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Illinois Staats-zeitung Vol. 16, No.12, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Baltimore Wecker, Jun. 9, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• Illinois Staats-zeitung, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Jul. 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul. 25, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

The newspapers viewed combat between the Chippewa and Sioux as being "Diamond on Diamond". In other words their combat skills were highly regarded:

• The Ottawa Free Trader, Jul. 25, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Pantagraph, Jul. 20, 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Janesville Weekly Gazette, Jul. 24, 1863, p.1, 2023 Newspapers.com
• Janesville Weekly Gazette, Jul. 18, 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Pantagraph Bloomington Ill Vol VII No. 125, Jul. 20, 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023

In January 1863 the post commander at Sauk Rapids remorsed with Chief Big Dog that it was not safe for the Chippewa to venture from their reservations despite their support of the "whites" as one in a 100 could discern the difference between a Sioux and a Chippewa.[147]

JUNE 1863: INDIAN BATTALION MINNESOTA VOLUNTEERS, AKA "HATCH'S BATTALION" WAS CONCEIVED AS A MOUNTED INFANTRY INDIAN BATTALION OF MINNESOTA  VOLUNTEERS.

The War in Minnesota, 1000 mounted Chippewa and half breeds, Col Hatch, Daily Alta California, Jul. 18, 1863, Vol. 15, No. 4890, California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research UC Riverside, CA 2024 [134]

Ramsey intends to accept Chippewa offer and put 1000 Chippewa in the field, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin Milwaukee, Oct. 9, 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [79]

A force of Chippewa, The Buffalo Commercial, Jun. 20, 1863, p. 2, Newspapers.com, [80]

A Washington Special to the New York Times, A force of Chippewa, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS [81]

Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers letterhead , The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec. 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress [136]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Hatch 100 warriors, Hatch right man Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [82]

Hatch Chippewa Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, 25 Jun. 1863, 2023, Newspapers.com [83]

A company of Red River half-breeds for Hatch's battalion, Sioux scalps taken at St.Jo, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug. 21, 1863, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [84]

Hatch'S "Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers" letterhead, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec. 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [85]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, The Goodhue Volunteer, Jul. 29, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [86]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [87]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, Offers to fight the Sioux with 100 and offer accepted. From Washington, Chatfield Democrat, Jul. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [88]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, Library of Congress, 2024 The Goodhue Volunteer, Jul. 29, 1863, p.1,  [137]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2 , Library of Congress, 2023 [138]

From Hatch's Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, Vol VII, No. 24, 7 Jan. 1864, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [140]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley 1863, Chicago Daily Tribune, Jun. 04, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [91]

 1863 Red-Lake Chippewa reservation was created.

May 1863 Little-Crow with 64 warriors held council with 200 Chippewa at Pembina. The St. Joseph, Red-Lake, and Lake-of-the-Woods bands participated. After having shared the peace pipe a Red-Laker killed a Sioux. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 11, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [99]

 When Little-Crow arrived at Pembina, Chief Red-Bear went to Judge Lemay and borrowed an American flag to display for Little-Crow to see. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jun. 12, 1863, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [100]

By Oct 1863, the Red-lake and Pembina bands had more than once volunteered to fight the Sioux, Indian Expedition, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin, Oct. 9, 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [101]

Red-Lake offers to fight Sioux. The Chippewa Delegation, Sioux City Register, Apr. 16, 1864, p.1, Vol VI, No.31, Newspapers.com, 2023 [102]

Red-Lake Band offer to fight Sioux. Fond-du-Lac, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [103]

Red-Lake dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Jo. The Red Lake Treaty Expedition, Fremont Journal, Oct. 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [104]

Two Chiefs that attacked the Sioux during the war; Chief Es-En-Ce (Litte-Shell) of the Pembina band and Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh of the Red-Lake band. Chippewa Indian Tribe Photo Descriptions, Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, Access Genealogy, 2022, image 1001 and image 1073 [105]

Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh, Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd. Fort Worth, TX [106]

Red-Lake Pembina 1863 Treaty. Hole-in-the-Day attended the signing and was accused of supporting Little-Crow by the Red-Lake chiefs. The Daily Standard, Raleigh, N. Carolina, Mar. 20, 1866, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [107]

Red-lake Chippewa attack Minnesota Sioux at Fort Gerry, Chicago Tribune, Jul. 14, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [108]

Gov. Ramsey asks Gov. Swift to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [109]

Gov. Ramsey to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, Another Indian Murder, Rochester Republican p.2, Sept, 16, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [110]

Gov. Ramsey Red-lake Chippewa dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Joseph, Fremont Journal, Oct. 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [111]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley. News from St Paul. Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug, 08, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [112]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley. Little Crow Killed, Charles City Republican Intelligencer, Aug, 13, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [113]

Cree and Assiniboine go to attack the Sioux. News from Pembina, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. Vol. XV, No. 9, Apr, 1, 1864, p.5, Library of Congress, [114]

Red-Lakers winter at Georgetown 1863-64 occupying the abandoned Georgetown/Hudson Bay Post on the Red river. St. Cloud Democrat, Mar. 10, 1864, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [115]

The newspapers refer to both Chippewa scouts and messengers during the Mdewakanton uprising. There was a list of scouts compiled by special agent Samuel H. Elrod to determine the Dacotah scouts eligibility for annuity payments authorized by an 1891 act of Congress. The Chippewa were not included on his list as he was a Sioux agent. Elrod made his list from the applications made by former scouts or their families not Army records.   The records of the Indian Scouts are  filed by four regions.  The Chippewa or Saulteaux fall in the Northern Indian Scouts region, specifically the Pembina and Rocky Boy Chippewa bands.  

The U. S. Scouts insignia was adopted 1866 due to Sioux & Chippewa scouts actions 1862-65. The insignia was crossed arrows for infantry crossed sabers for cavalry. 

CHIPPEWA SCOUTS / MESSENGERS given a pension for their service 1862-66 by the State of Minnesota.

* John Cardinal (wounded and leg broken)

* Louis Doucette, White Earth

* Louis Hamlin, White Earth

* Chief Kegg, Mille Lacs

* Allen Morrison? White Earth

* J.G. Morrison, Red Lake

Two biracial Chippewa hired to deliver mail to Sibley's expedition at $6.00/day.[151] In 2024 that equals $187.53.

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley. From St. Paul, Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug. 14, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [116]

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley. Interesting from the Expedition, The Kenosha Telegraph, Aug. 20, 1863, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [117]

Chippewa scouts report Sioux holding two "white" females and children at Devils Lake. Winona Republican, Jan. 8, 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024 [118]

Two scouts picked up the Sioux trail for Sibley's expedition on 18 July that lead to the Battle of Big Mound on Jul. 24, 1863. North Iowa Times, 22 Sept. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [119]

Two of Sibley's Chippewa messengers encountered hostile Sioux scouts, Philadelphia Inquirer, Aug. 20, 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [120]

Kegg, Mille-Lacs scout for Sibley, Kegg’s Message Helped Preserve the Reservation, Jun. 1, 2017, Mille Lacs band of Ojibwe, 2023 [121]

Gen. Sibley received that 10 canoes of Otter-Tail Chippewa were encountered returning from the hostile Sioux encampment at Devils Lake. From Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 19, 1865, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [122]

1864 J. Tanner mentioned as a Chippewa scout for the Dept. Of the Northwest War in the Delaware Gazette, Mar. 25, 1864, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2025 [123]

1863 Chicago February 21, names of Chippewa delegation to Washington, Baltimore Wecker, Feb. 25, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [124]

Sen. Ramsey stealing from the Chippewa, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 04, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [125]

Sen. Rice Opinion, believed the Chippewa could be induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux., The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com[126]

"The best thing that could be done , in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day:  Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition

1863   Treaty names of Chiefs, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Apr. 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [128]

Red-Lakers castigate Hole in the Day The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 4, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS [129]

Bloody war between Chippewa in Crow wing. Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Nov. 21, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [130]

1863 Chief Naw-gaw-nab lectured confederate prisoners at Camp Douglas (Chicago): "you have been fighting to break up this govenment like the bloody Sioux."[159][160][161][162]

1864 General Sully requisitioned the steam packet Chippewa Falls to transport supplies for his expedition against the Sioux on the upper Missiouri.

- Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa [143] - 

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa July 1866, Bradford Reporter, Jul. 19, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [144]

"The Canadian Sioux Refugees from Minnesota", Roy W. Meyer Minnesota History Magazine, p.16, MNHS [145]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun. 9, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [146]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, Daily Davenport Democrat, Jun. 11, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [147]

British Canada and Minnesota Sioux/Chippewa [92]

1863 NEWSPAPER SAID GOVENOR RAMSEY WAS STEALING FROM THE CHIPPEWA.  The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 4, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [98]

The Mille-Lacs and accompanying Bands of Chippewa voluntarily provided security to a U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls without compensation during a time of war. As well as offered assistance with the execution of the war.

* 12 Stat. 1249 1863-64 Chippewa treaties Article 12, 1863 & 1864: Land Cession Treaties with the Ojibwa (Mississippi, Pillager, Lake-Winnibigoshish Bands), Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, 161 St. Anthony Ave, St. Paul, MN [149]

* Article 12 makes the Milles-Lacs Band and Sandy-Lake band unique amongst indigenous peoples, no other tribes have the same protection. Treaties with Minnesota Indians [150]

1863 Chippewa Treaty: Sandy-Lake and Mille-Lacs bands get to stay on their 1855 Reservation because of their help during the uprising. "Treaties with Minnesota Indians" [151]

1875 Chippewa Indian Agency record: Chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung described his 1863 meeting with Lincoln:

"The President took our hands and promised us faithfully and encouraged us and he said we could live on our reservation for 10 years and if faithful to whites and behave ourselves [and are] friendly to whites you shall increase the number to 100 and you may increase it to 1,000 years if you are good Indians, and through your good behavior at the time of war (we were good and never raised our hands against the whites)  The Secretary of the Interior and the President said that we should be considered good Indians and remain at Mille-Lacs so long as we want."[154]

1864, April, the Red Lake and Pembina bands went to Washington to have their treaty of 1863 amended and meet with President Lincoln. 

Chiefs present:

*  Mag-dwa-gun-uad, He that is spolen to, Red Lake

*  Osin-ne-wab, Little Rock, Red Lake

*  Naw-gaun-ne-guan-aib, Leading Feather, Red Lake

*  Mous-o-mo, Moose Dung, Red Lake

*  Mis-co-mua-quah, Red Bear, Pembina

*  Que-we-zance, Hole-in-the-day, Mississippi

*  Mis-qua-dais, Red Turtle, Sandy Lake

Hole-in-the-day inquired about Gemeral Grant and was told he was not in the city.

The Mille-Lacs band and Sandy-Lake bands self identified those members that did not participate at Fort Ripley and not deserving of 1000 year protection thus creating the "removable" Mille-Lacs and Sandy-Lake bands.

John Strong G Co, 9the Minnesota was killed by "friendly fire" near St Cloud by milita that did not know Chippewa were in U.S. service and was assumed to be Dacotah. Letter From Capt. McCoy, St. Cloud Democrat,  Apr. 30, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [51] G Co. John Strong, 1st KIA , a St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald. Oct. 1, 1931, p.4 [52]

Capt. Van der Horck, Fort Abercrombie commander, ordered messengers be sent to St. Paul. He sent a 10 man escort assuring them if there was any trouble he would send reinforcements with a howitzer. The group was attacked nearby crossing the Red River. Help was called for and Van der Horck refused to send troops. Eight of the escort made it back to the fort. One of the dead is identified as one of the G Co. Chippewa. Fort Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [53]

Across the border in Ruperts' Land the 1862 Mdewakanton uprisng and the Chippewa response made it into  the oral history of the Swan Lake First Nation.  Chief Yellow Quill didn't want interlopers on his land.

https://swanlakefirstnation.com/our-history/

MICHIGAN: 

1st Michigan Sharp Shooters:

* Drummer boy, John Duvemay Kedgnot, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

Co. K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters were entirely Chippewa/Ottawa men. They are identified as the largest group of indigenous in Northern service,  140  enlisted ranks) [214][215] It was noted that when Company K prepped for battle they covered their blue uniforms with dirt or mud for camouflage. The entire regiment copied their lead when they saw how effective it was.  The Company saw action at:

• Battle of the Wilderness:
• Battle of Spotsylvania: 
• Battle of the Crater:
• Battle of Ream's Station: 
• Battle of Peebles' Farm: 
• Battle of Hatcher's Run:
• Final operations around Petersburg:

MEDAL OF HONOR NOMINATION"

Sergeant Antoine Scott (LaCroix)[216][217] (Pentwater: Chippewa of Shaw-gwaw-baw-no's band) Battle of the Crater Citation reads:

“instead of screening himself behind the captured works, this soldier boldly stood up and deliberately fired his piece until the enemy was close upon him, when, instead of laying down his arm and surrendering, ran the gauntlet of shot and shell and escaped.” After covering the retreat of his Company he was one of the last out.[218][219][209]

At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters had 80 men captured, 14 were Chippewa of Company K.[220] They were sent to Andersonville Prison where eight died. Company K had 6 more captured at the Battle of the Crater.[216][221] Company K has men buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Annapolis National Cemetery, and Andersonville National Cemetery to name a few.[222]

American Indians in the Civil War? 1st Michigan Sharpshooters graves at Petersburg National Battlefield, Jim Burnett, National Parks Traveler, Dec. 17, 2010, [215]

Why We Serve, Civil War, National Museum of the Native Americans, Smithsonian, Washington D.C. [216]

Michigan Indians in the Civil War, Petersburg National Battlefield, Kate Fort, Dec. 21, 2010 [217]

Civil War soldier’s grave dedicated at Chippewa burial ground, Lania Rocha, Swartz Creek View, Michigan, Jun. 18, 2015 [218]

Michigan indigenous soldiers in the Civil War, Steve Charnley, Daily News, Montcalm County and Ionia County Michigan, Oct. 14, 2023 [219]

Michigan's Company K: Anishinaabe Soldiers, Citizenship, and the Civil War, Michelle K Cassidy, Michigan State University Press, Sept. 2023, ISBN 9781611864632 [220]

The story of Company K: Native Americans from Michigan who saw tough action in the Civil War, Michigan Radio, By Staff, Aug. 23, 2017, Michigan Radio NPR, 535 W. William St, Suite 110, Ann Arbor, MI [221]

• 1861 Michigan’s legislature dismissed the proposal of fielding a regiment of Native Americans by George Copway.[216]
• Names and service records of Co. K.[223]

ENLISTEDMEN':

https://nativesharpshooters.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-natives-of-company-k.html

Co. K  WALPOLE ISLAND FIRST NATION, BRITISH LOWER CANADA 

* Pvt. Oliver Apargeshick

* Pvt. Joseph Hannin possibly part Potowatamie

* Pvt. Andrew Jackson

* Pvt. Henry Wassagezik

Co. K had one man enlist in the east from either the DELAWARE TRIBE 

* Pvt. Charles Carter, mustered in 7 July, from Hagerstown, MD,  KIA 30 July 1864 at the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, VA. 

10th Michigan Infantry:

* Pvt. Peter Bennet, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Abraham Brock, Co. B Saginaw Chippewa, 

          Son of Chief Shaw-shaw-wah-naw-breese

* Pvt. G. Brown, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Jim Gruet, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. James Gruet, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. G. Maner, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. William Westbrook, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

7th Michigan Cavalry:

* Pvt. Peter Campeau, Co. D

8th Michigan Cavalry:

* Pvt. John Fisher, Co. I, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Samual Fisher, Co. I?, Saginaw Chippewa

9th Michigan Cavalry:

*  Pvt. Dan Covert/ Dan Sunshine, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa, pow

* Pvt. James Fisher, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa  

* Pvt. Joseph Fisher, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa  

* Pvt. Robert Fisher, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa, died in Georgia 1864

* Pvt. William Kay-ne-go-me , Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa 

* Pvt. Robert Fisher, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Kego, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Mark Neome, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Lewis Pe-che-kka, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Sag-a-tup, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. James Shawabanassau, Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa

* Pvt. Tay-baw-se-gay Co. K, Saginaw Chippewa   

10th Michigan Cavalry:

* Pvt. John Chatfield, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa

* Sgt. Willian Chatfield, Co. B, Saginaw Chippewa, wounded

29th Michigan Infantry

* Pvt. Joseph Michael (Alias McAdams) Red Cliff Chippewa, Wisconsin

 https://www.apg wi.com/ashland_daily_press/news/civil-war-veterans-grave-re-discovered-in-red-cliff/article_bb5b2e6d-ecc9-5287-9762-5630ba563580.html

Unidentified unit:

 John Keshechp, Saginaw Chippewa

MINNESOTA:

Less than a month after the attack on Fort Sumpter a Chippewa and Sioux delegation traveled to Washington to tender 300 warriors for military service to the Government. California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, Vol 15, No. 11, May 10, 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [222]

2nd Minnesota Cavalry:

*  Co. M, 2nd Minnesota Cavalry, six mixed-race Chippewa at South Bend, Blue Earth County, Pioneer and Democrat, Jun. 10, 1864, p.5 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

* Pvt. Eustash Belcore, Co. M

* Pvt. Baptiste Chupan, Co. H

1st Minnesota Infantry

Co A was largely formed from Gov. Ramsey's Pionner Guard militia. These men are believed to have been Chippewa in the Guard.

* Pvt. John Cardinal

* Pvt. Candy Demas

* Pvt. Siomon Dufort

* Pvt. Pierre Lamin

* Pvt. Peter Langlais

* Sgt. Camille Langois

* Pvt John B.  LaRoque

* Pvt. Paul Milette

* Pvt. Thomas Milner

2nd Minnesota Infantry:

* Cpl. Joseph LaRoque, Co. B

* Pvt.Mis-e-gan-e-buck, Co B (substitute)

* Pvt. William Moores, Co.B (substitute)

* Pvt. Dweight G. TooGood, Co. B

* Scout Ros, Co. D

* Pvt. Sangonen, Co.D (substitute)

* Capt. George Matrious, Co. G  (substitute)

* Pvt. James Blunt, Co. K (substitute)

* Pvt. George Hardin, Co. K

* Pvt. Ta-sa-ba-nas, Co. K

* Pvt. Thomas Warren, Wah-wun, Co. K

* Pvt. Charles Weaver, Co. K

* Pvt. William West, Co.K

4th Minnesota Infantry:

* Pvt. Peter Tudochert, Mah-quah, Co. A  (substitute)

* Pvt. John B. Duford, Co. C

* Pvt. Henry Hanks, Co. D Leech Lake https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=5f9ef777-8d4b-42cd-af9e-74b8717cd759%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFBWQ5B%2F14031701

* Pvt. Charles Howard, Co. D  (substitute)

* Pvt. George Johnson, Gah-ge-gay-yaush, Co. D  (substitute)

*.Pvt. Joseph Paquin, Co. D

* Pvt. Peter Parker, Co D  (substitute)

* Pvt. George Peak, Co. D

* Pvt. John Shaw, Co. D

* Pvt. William White, O-je-mah-iance, Co D

* Pvt. Peter Tubesing, Co. F

 5th Minnesota Infantry:

* Pvt Joseph Adems, Co. F

* Sgt. Antione Bagae, Co. F

* Pvt.  Charles Bottineau Co. F,, Pembina Chippewa, Born one mile south of Fort Garry. (cousin of Peter Bottineau)

* Cpl. Peter Bottineau, Co. F, Pembina Chippewa

* Pvt.  Antoine Cluckey Co. F, Pembina Chippewa

* Pvt. Francis Turpin, Co. G

* Pvt. Joseph Turpin, Co. G

* Pvt. Severe Turpin, Co G

6th Minnesota Infantry:

* Pvt. Joseph Janurary, Co. I

* Pvt. Louis Janurary, Co. I

8th Minnesota Infantry

* Pvt. Felix Blow (Bottineau), Co. H, 

* Pvt. Etiene R. Blau, Co. H

* Pvt. John Gobarre, Co. H, 

 9th Minnesota Infantry, Co. G

Most of the men in the Company came from White Earth before there was a reservation there.

* Pvt. Robert Aitkin
* Pvt. Salem Aitkin

* Capt. Charles H. Beaulieu  Lac du Flamebeau, White Earth

* Pvt. Henry H. Beaulieu  

* Cpl. John Beaulieu was appointed 1st Lt. but war ended
* Pvt. Edward Belland (obit says born  east Canada so possibly Mississauga & was scout for Sibley)
* Pvt. John Brown, Quaysegood
* Pvt. Thomas Butts (wounded at Brices Crossroads)
* Pvt. Henry Charron
* Pvt. Alex. Chaboilley

* Pvt. Charles Comptois
* Pvt. Joseph Comptois, killed Fort Abercrombie
* Pvt. John Charrette,  Wain ge mah dub, Chief
* Pvt. Louis Charrette

* Pvt.  Francois Dufoe
* Sgt.  Albert Fairbanks

* Cpl. William Fairbanks

* Pvt Charles Foster
* Pvt. Henry Foster She-muck-e-nah- go
* Pvt. Robert Fox

* Pvt. Roy Frank  (Dacotah Chippewa)?

* Pvt. Frank Gabo (deserter)

* Pvt. George W. Gardner (buried White Earth)
* Pvt. John H. Hanks, Pun-ja-min
* Pvt. Eustash Jourdain

* Pvt. Fabien LaFebvre
* Pvt. Charles Mason  (Dacotah Chippewa)?

* Pvt. James McDonald

* Pvt. John McDonald
* Pvt. John Parker

* Pvt. Edward Reese Leech Lake

* Pvt. Francoise Roi (Dacotah Chippewa)?

* Pvt. John Small

* Cpl. Almon Sutton

* Pvt. John Tanner (born Lac du Flambeau)
* Pvt. Frank Theibault
* Pvt. Thomas Swan/Suan, Shay-Day, Red Lake (buried White Earth)

* Pvt. Andrew Veseur Pembina

* Pvt. William Wallace KIA Battle of Nashville

* Pvt. Moses Greenleaf Co. F

* Pvt. Damon Greenleaf Co. F?

11th Minnesota Infantry

* Pvt. Pvt. Peter Gamache, Co. E

* Color Sgt. Albert Morrell,  Co. G

1st Heavy Artillery:

* Pvt. Joseph Martin 

Mounted Rangers:

* Pvt. F. Bagge

Hatch's Battalion:

* Pvt. James Dagneau (deserter)

* Pvt. Peter Dagneau (deserter)

* Pvt. Manuel Foire

* Pvt. Joseph Ganion

* Pvt. Louis LaPierre (deserter)

* Pvt. Francious Primeau (deserter)

THE UNITS THESE MEN SERVED IN WE DO NOT HAVE.

* Pvt. Henry H. Blanuen/Bland ?

* Pvt. John Ellis?

* Pvt. Thomas Warren ?

* Pvt. Jullien LaDuc?

G Company 9th Minnesota had a large contingent of Chippewa and biracial Chippewa that mustered in at St. Cloud, Minnesota in mid-August 1862. [225] One man was killed by "friendly fire" near St. Cloud by militia that did not know Chippewa were in Government service and was assumed to be Dacotah.[226] 

Capt. Hall, Commander of Fort Ripley, made a request for Lt. Beaulieu and G Company be sent to the fort. His request was reported in many papers. The Winona Daily Republican,  Aug. 28, 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [223]

 The Philadelphia Inquirer, Sept. 2, 1862, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [224],

G COMPANY SERVICE:

• Siege of Fort Abercrombie: three battles with the Sioux.
• Attached to Fort Abercrombie garrison for a year.
• Battle of Brice's Crossroads
• Battle of Tupelo
• Battle of Westport
• Battle of Nashville 
• Battle of Spanish Fort
• Battle of Fort Blakeley

G Company was posted forward to Fort Abercrombie. They arrived on 3 Sept. 1862 to find the Fort under attack which they help rout. G Company became part of the Fort's garrison. The Sioux returned to besiege the Fort until 23 Sept.[225] 

May 21, 1863 G Company arrived in St. Louis, MO. The St Louis Republican predicted that "they would give a good account to themselves in action" in an article titled "Big Injuns". [225]: p.105  As part of the rear guard at Brices Crossroads G Company saw action. There their marksmanship and skirmisher tactics enabled 400 men of the 59th U.S. Colored to not be overtaken by confederate cavalry at a bridge. Afterwards the Chippewa and African Americans fell back in unison.[225] : p.198-204  G Company losses and commendations described: Ninth Regiment, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun. 30, 1864, p.3, Library of Congress, [225]

100 Chippewa in 9th Minnesota, The Weekly Union Record, Jul. 02, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, [226]

List of Company G Chippewa as well as names of Chippewa in other Minnesota Civil War units. White Earth Chippewa Civil War Veterans, Gichiziibiwinini(David Beaulieu), Big River Man News-American Indian Education, May 04, 2010, [228]

White Earth Minn.The Minneapolis Journal,  May 9, 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com [227]

9th Regiment, Chipppewa's and Colonel Wilkin's praise, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat,  Aug. 18, 1865, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2025 [229]

Joseph Charette(Way-ond-ji-mah-dub or Wain-ge-ma-dub) joined G Company winter 1862-3, was elected to Chief of White-Earth.[227]

At the end of the Civil War the government told the troops that they could keep they guns for $6.  G Co. muster out rolls indicate most if not all of the White Earth men paid the $6 from their final pay to keep their Springfield rifles.

 G.A.R. button- Joseph Charette, Star Tribune, Aug. 24, 1919, p.36, Newspapers.com, 2023 [230]

White Earth MinnesotaThe Minneapolis Journal, May 9, 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com, 2023 [231]

Co. G, John Strong, 1st KIA , St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald, Oct. 1, 1931, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [232]

Captain Charles H. Beaulieu, Co. G, 9th Minnesota.[228] [229]

*  Sept 2-3 News accounts indicate Co. A 6th Minnesota had troops in the Battle of Birch Cooley that were of Dacotah/Ojibwa heritage. During the battle the Dacotah called out for them to leave, "their blood was not wanted just the whites".[224]

1865  Minnesota Governor Miller had General Pope  refuse his offer to raise two Companies of Chippewa for service in the south.   

The Weekly North Iowa Times, April 5, 1865, p.2 LOC

Minnesota State Senator Charles S. Marden did all he could to get official State recognition for the Chippewa efforts during the Sioux uprising as well as the Civil War.  In 1912 he attempted to get a State monument to the 300 Chippewa that served in various Minnesota Regiments.[230]  In 1912 he also authored a bill for the Mau-zoo-mau-nee monument.

 * To Honor the Chippewa,Saint Peter Tribune, Aug. 19, 1914, p.1, https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=f3ee3e52-dc18-4de7-9ff3-76a6a5e510b1%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC665B%2F14081901

* Lest We Forget,   Ni-mah-mi-kwa-zoo-min.  Nov. 1, 1982 https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b0e780ce-3f60-4737-9502-3c5861d696ca%2Fmnhi0061%2F0BZ11K5I%2F82110101

https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b0e780ce-3f60-4737-9502-3c5861d696ca%2Fmnhi0061%2F0BZ11K5I%2F82110101

To Be a Soldier: Native Americans from Minnesota and Wisconsin Participate in the Civil War, p.12-13  & appendix https://pines.bemidjistate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1219&context=honors-cap

*  The White Earth Nation has put up 56 headstones for Chippewa veterans buried on the reservation.   https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/11/10/white-earth-group-has-been-quietly-rewriting-wrongs-correcting-native-veterans-headstones 

WISCONSIN:

The Taylor Falls Reporter newspaper published that Sam Fifield editor of the Polk County Press opined Wisconsin should organize a Brigade of Chippewa Braves to fight the south. Taylors Falls Reporter, Jul. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [233]

190 Wisconsin Chippewa are known to have enlisted in the Civil War.[232]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Superiour Journal, Sept. 1892

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 20, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [234]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Prescott Journal, Sept. 24, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [235]

Bad River band volunteers:

*  Pvt. Charles Corbine, Co. K 36th Wisconsin Infantry

*  Pvt. John Martin, Co. B 17th Wisconsin Infantry

*  Cpl. Lewis Mishler 7th Wisconsin Infantry, Co. A, pow, wounded, Gettysburg 

*  Pvt. Vincent Roy Jr. Co. F 23rd Wisconsin Infantry

*  Pvt. John Vaughn, Co. I, 28th Wisconsin Infantry

1st Wisconsin received 14 Chippewa replacements, ... zu den zur Auffüllung nachrekrutierten Soldaten gehörten 14 Chippewa Indianer, die bald zu den besten ... auf der Homepage von Eberhard Ref - Wisconsin Eberhard, https://www.eberhard-ref.net wisconsin [236]

3rd Wisconsin received 12 Chippewa replacements in Atlanta 1864[233]

* Pvt. Au-reb-ka-we-ka, Clear-Day, Co. F

* Pvt. John Kanrannara, Co. F

* Pvt. Joseph Menagre, Co. F

* Pvt. Joseph Moore, Co. F

* Pvt. Joseph Moose, Co. F

* Pvt. Naw-he-ga Noch-e-ker, Co. F

* Pvt. Manshe-Osan, Co. F

* Pvt. Chief Sunday, Co. F

* Pvt. Wau-he-ga, Co. F

* Pvt. Semoren Has-quoe-quoe, Co. F

* Pvt. Meost Mac-quaw, Co.F

* Pvt. Pa-ga-mi, Co. F

7th Wisconsin Infantry

Co. G received 30 Chippewa replacements the spring of 1864.

* Pvt. John Buck Co. G died disease

* Pvt. Alex Cadotte Co. G

*Cpl. Joseph Cadotte Co. G

* Pvt. John R. Day Co. G sick at muster out

* Pvt. Charles Hart Co. G

* Pvt. Thomas Hart Co. G wounded

* Pvt. Joseph King Co. G

* Pvt. Alexes La Prairie Co. G

* Pvt. John B. La Prairie Co. G wounded at muster out

* Pvt. John Moses Co. G pow

* Pvt. Joseph Morrow Co. G  discharged disabillity

* Pvt. George Metawos  / Metwaves

* Pvt.Charles Razor Co. G wounded

* Pvt. Joseph Razor Co. G KIA

* Pvt. James Rice Co. G

* Pvt. George Samuel Co. G

* Pvt. John Singog / Singoy Co. G wounded died

* Pvt.. John Winslow Co. G

https://archive.org/details/rosterofwisconsi01wisc/page/561/mode/1up

https://thecivilwarandnorthwestwisconsin.wordpress.com/2014/04/15/1864-april-9-l

11th Wisconsin Infantry:

* Pvt. J. H. Beaulieu, Co. I

14th Wisconsin Infantry:

* Pvt. John LaFond, Co. F

30th Wisconsin Infantry:

* Pvt.  William Caddot, Co K, (Nipissing Mother)

* Pvt. Vincent Crowe, Co. K

* Pvt. Elisha Ermatinger, Co. K

*Pvt. Francis La Rush, Co. K

*Pvt. Baptiste Saint Martin, Co. K

52nd Wisconsin Infantry:

* Pvt. James H. Beaulileu, Co. E

(see 29th Michigan Infantry)

The 7th Wisconsin put the 14 Ojibwa it received in Co. A.   The group of 30 were put in Co. G. The 7th saw action  at:  

• Battle of the Wilderness
• Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
• Battle of Cold Harbor
• Siege of Petersburg
• Battle of Weldon Railroad
• Battle of Five Forks after they joined.  The Chippewa troops were noted for employing native skirmishing tactics in support of the 6th Wisconain at the Battle of Spotsylvania in May 1864, 

7th Wisconsin, Chippewa Warriors volunteer, The Polk County Press, Apr . 1864

7th Wisconsin, Chippewa Warriors volunteer, Janesville Daily Gazette, 22 Apr. 1864, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [237]

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, Madison Journal, Jun. 1864

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, State News, Janesville Weekly Gazette, Jun. 24, 1864, p.2 , Newspapers.com 2023 [238]

7th Wisconsin, 14 Ojibwa Warriors Join the Battle of Spotsylvania, Wisconsin Historical Society [239][234]

8th Wisconsin,  A Lac-du Flambeau-Band Chief gave a Bald Eagle to the Regiment for a mascot

30th Wisconsin K Company had a number of Chippewa that went to Dakota territory with Gen. Sulley 1863. [240]

190 Chippewa served in Wisconsin Civil War Regiments, [241]

The Lac-du-Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and the Great War, Gary Entz, WXPR, Jun. 23, 2021, Public Radio, Rhinelander, Wisconsin [242]

*  Wisconsin had one Chippewa fight for the south.  In newspapers he was known as "Ojibway Joe".  They also reported that his name was Joe Ski.  Ski  translates to  "zhooshkoshimaan" in Ojibwe.  At the end of the war he was the leader of a guerrillia band in Kentucky.  His rifle had 113 notches in it for northern soldiers he had killed.  After the war he returned to Superiour Wisconsin where he died.  The paper states  he was chosen to be Chief to succeed the "great chief Menitowa"  who had fought the Sioux.  The Eddy Current ( Eddy NM) Apr.2, 1898, p.8 , Library of Congress, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93061674/1898-04-02/ed-1/seq-8

*   "Ojibwa Joe is Dead" The Saint Paul Globe., Feb. 14, 1898, p.6

*  Indian Sharpshooters, The Argus (Holbrook, AZ) May 21, 1898, p.8 

*  Ojibway Joe is Dead,  The Even Times, Washington D.C, Feb. 7, 1898, p.4

*  News in Brief,  The Copper County Evening News (Calumet, MH), Feb. 26, 1898, p.5

*  Indian Sharpshooter,  Dakota Farmers' Leader, Apr. 29, 1898, p.6 

1865 Chief Hole -in-the-Day still wished that his offer to raise a battalion of Chippewa to go fight the south had been accepted.

*   The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug.11, 1865, p.10 https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F65081101

*  Saint Peter Tribune, Aug. 30, 1865, p.1    

*  The Hastings Conserver, Sept. 5, 1865, p.4

*  Rochester Republican, Sept. 6, 1865 p.1 

1865  Minnesota Governor Miller offered two Companies of Chippewa for service in the south which was refused by Gen. Pope.

*   The Free Homestead, Mar. 2, 1865, p.2 

*   The Stillwater Messenger.  Mar. 21, 1865, p.2

*  Saint Peter Tribune,  Mar. 22, 1865, p.2  

The case concerned owership of the land at Sault Ste. Marie on the American side.  Page 72 U.S. 219  quotes a  letter of the Marquis de la Jonquiere stating the Chief of the Sault had adopted Sieur de Repentigny as a nephew.  The King of France granted the land in 1750 to  Chevalier de Repentigny and Captain Louis De Bonne, including at the Saut de St. Marie.   The necklace mentioned was possibly a British peace medal.  The Mississauga are mentioned too. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/72/211/

1866  Fort Gerry engagement between the Red Lakers and the Mdewakanton. Fight between the Sioux and the Chippewas, The Mankato Weekly Record, Jul. 14, 1866, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [162] [163][164][165][166][37]: p.176 

1866-67 President Johnson gave the Chippewa the last Peace Medals they would receive for the treaties signed those years.

1866  Chief Kahkewaquonaby of the Mississauga band. In 1866 he graduated from Queen's College with a medical degree, the first native American to do so in Canada.[153] 

1867  Ten Chippewa Chiefs met President Johnson including Chief Bagone-giizhig (Hole-in-the-Day), Chief Wab-an-quot, and Chief Fine Day.  The While Earth reservation was created and several Chippewa reservations ceased to exist.

 1868  Chief Wabon-o-quot with a small group attended a presentation by the Fusi Yama Japanese Troupe in St. Paul's Ingersoll Hall. The Chief was so impressed with the show he requested an audience. He invited the Japanese north for the best Ojibwa meal in his wigwam. He was told it did not fit their schedule, but the preformers spent some time with the Ojibwa. "Meeting between Japanese and Chippewa", The Lake City Leader, Jun. 12, 1868, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [161]

1870s The Sioux introduced the Saulteaux to the Ghost dance which was made the Ojibwa Dream or Drum dance.  Sioux oral history has that they gave the Saulteaux a drum.

1870  The Red River Expedition to transfer the HBC Prince Rupert's Land to the Canadian Dominion had a Chippewa guide for one leg to the trek.[60]

1871  Treaty 1 was signed at Fort Garry by seven Ojibwa Nations and the Canadian Government. The Chief's medal designed for the signing became famous for it's symbolism even though it took three different medals to arrive at it.[167] The Chiefs were less than impressed with the first two medals. Of those signers, today the Peguis First Nation is the largest in Manitoba. In Ontario the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation are the largest and only tribe to sign Treaty 21. For Treaty 2, also 1871, Ojibwa Chiefs Francois (Broken Fingers) Mekis, Ma-sah-kee-yash, Ke-wee-tah-quun-na-yash, and Sou-sonce received the Victoria Peace medal.[168] Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) represented the Ojibwe for Treaty 3, received the medal in 1873. Queen Victoria actually signed Treaties 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 with the Chippewa, Cree and Saulteaux.

 Treaty No. 1 called for reserves for these nations:

*  Brokenhead Ojibway Nation, 1874  The Brokenhead reserve was surveyed.

* Long Plain First Nation,  had reserve lands allocated in 1871.

* Peguis First Nation, 

* Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation

*Sagkeeng First Nation's  Fort Alexander 3 Indian Reserve was formed

* Sandy Bay Ojibway First Nation, Portage Band gets a reserve that they name "White mud" and in 1877 they move to Sandy Bay, Manitoba, todays home to the Sandy Bay First Nation. The reserve was confirmed in 1913 as IR 5.

* Swan Lake First Nation 

1871 Treaty No.2 reserves:

*   Dauphin River First Nation Reserve 48A. 

*   Ebb and Flow Fist Nation Reserve 52 

*   Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation, ( Riding Mountain Band )  moved onto their reserve in 1875  adjecent to the HBC  Riding Mountain House trading post. 

*   Lake Manitoba First Nation

*   Lake St. Martin First Nation has two reserves 49 & 49A 

*   Little Saskatchewan First Nation  48 reserve

*   O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation received reserve, Crane River 51, on the shore of Lake Manitoba

*  Pinaymootang First Nation reserve is  Fairford 50 

*  Skownan First Nation  former Waterhen Indian Reserve No. 4 

1871  The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended the U.S. government's practice of treating tribes as sovereign nations via treaties and instead treated them as wards of the state placeing them under the control of congress. 

1872-3  49th Parallel survey. The Boundary Commission’s Metis Scouts (military escort), the 49th Rangers, had many with Saulteaux heritage.  The international boundary crosses Turtle Mountain.

1873  The Lac Des Mille Lacs reserve was surveyed in the   Thunder Bay District of Ontario. 

1873  The Pegius First Nation Reserve was first created.  It is now made up of nine reserves. 

1873  The Northwest Angle 33 reserve was set aside. (Treaty 3)

1873  Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation  reserve was set aside.

 Formerly called the Dalles First Nation and Ochiichagwe'Babigo'Ining Ojibway Nation.

1873 Red Gut band reserve was originally called Rainy Lake Indian Reserve 26A.  It is now called Nicickousemenecanning First Nation Reserve. 

1873 The Assabaska reserve was never surveyed.  1979 Big Grassy and the Ojibwa of Onigaming filed a land claim that in 1999 became the Assabaska reserve.  ( the Assabaska band changed it's name to Onigaming)

1873  Rainy River Saulteaux reserves:

*  Hungry Hall 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux  — Hungry Hall (Bishop) 14

*  Hungry Hall 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux — Hungry Hall (Paskonkin) 15

*  Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (part) — Little Forks 10

*  Long Sault 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux — Long Sault 12 

*  Long Sault 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux — Long Sault 13

*  Manitou Rapids 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux — Manitou Rapids 11

*  Manitou Rapids 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux — Manitou Rapids 11

Rainy River First Nation was created by unifying seven historical Rainy River Saulteaux bands. six either sold or transferred their Reserves to the Crown in 1914-15.  In the 1960s the First Nation was reduced to two reserves Long Sault 1 & Manitou rapids 1.

1874 Treaty No. 4 set aside these Saulteaux Nations reserves:

*  Ebb and Flow First Nation—Treaty 2 signatory council member, with the reserve designated Ebb and Flow 52 .

*  Gamblers First Nation —Treaty 4 signatory though in Treaty 2 territory  reserve at  Riding Mountain Treaty 4.

*  Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation—Treaty 2 signatory council member,  also known as the Riding Mountain Band. 

*  O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation—Treaty 2 signatory council member,  Crane River 51reserve  on the shore of Lake Manitoba.  

*  Pine Creek First Nation —Treaty 4 signatory though in Treaty 2 territory,   Pine Creek 66A reserve is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Winnipegosis. 

*  Rolling River First Nation —Treaty 4 signatory though in Treaty 2 territory,  reserve lands were formalized in 1897.

*  Skownan First Nation—Treaty 2 signatory council member,  Waterhen Indian Reserve No. 45 was mostly occupied in 1875.

*  Tootinaowaziibeeng Treaty Reserve First Nation main reserve is  called Valley River 63A. 

*  Muscowpetung First Nation  was allocated reserve lands in 1881.

*  Okanese First Nation  land was surveyed near Crooked Lake in October 1876 but never allocated,   A claim was filed in  2021, asserting that Canada did not fulfill its obligations and the court has agreed.

*  Pasqua First Nation Indian Reserve (IR) No. 79 was surveyed 1876.

*  Kinistin Saulteaux Nation was granted a reserve in 1900.

*  Muskoday First Nation treaty 6, reserve was surveyed in 1876.

* Yellow Quill First Nation Nut reserve was created 1881 when a survey was done  at Fishing and Nut Lakes.

*  Fishing Lake First Nation Fish reserve was created 1881 when a survey was done at Fishing and Nut Lakes.

*  Muskowekwan First Nation  reserve wasn't surveyed until 1884

*  Coté First Nation reserve was granted 1877

*  Keeseekoose First Nation  the first reserve on Swan River. flooded  so the band was relocated to their present-day reserve near Pelly and Kamsack, Saskatchewan.  

*  The Key First Nation the first reserve was surveyed on Swan River 1878, it flooded causing  the band to be relocated to their current location near Fort Pelly in 1880. 

*  Zagime Anishinabek  formerly known as the Sakimay First Nation reserve is north-east of Regina, Saskatchewan. and has 24 reserves.

1874  Kahkewistahaaw First Nation reserve was establish, but the lands were not survayed until 1881.

1874   Edward F. Wilson, an Anglican missionary, wrote "The Ojebway Language: A Manual for Missionaries" based upon his experience at Garden River and Sarnia. 

1875  Rat Portage reserve lands were selected for reserves 38A, 38B, 38C, & 38D

1875   The Anishnabe of Wauzhushk (Wauzhushk First Nation) main reserve was created Kenora 38B, Treaty 3 

1875  Treaty 5 produced Ojibwa reserves that had land allocated at 160 acres per family of 5.

*  Berens River First Nation, Manitoba,  Berens River 13 &  Pigeon River 13A.  

*  Bloodvein First Nation, Bloodvein First Nation reserve on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

*  Kinonjeoshtegon First Nation, Manitoba, Jackhead 43 & Jackhead 43A reserves 

*  Black River First Nation, Manitoba,  Black River 5 Indian Reserve

*  Little Grand Rapids 14 First Nation, Manitoba

*   Pauingassi First Nation  gained  reserve status in 1988 and became a separate First Nation from the Little Grand Rapids First Nation in 1991.

*  Poplar River First Nation, Manitoba surveyed 1889. 

*  Pikangikum First Nation ontario   achieved full Band and reserve status in 1978 after separating from the Pikangikum First Nation.

1876  In Canada the Indian Act created "status Indian" and "non-status Indian " legal classifications.   Indigenous people had to register to gain  "status Indian". 

1876  Swan Lake First Nation's reserve was established around 1876, when Chief Yellowquill settled his people in south central Manitoba.

1876  Manitou Rapids Indian Reserve was made by combining two adjoining Ojibwe reserves but it would be changed. 

1876   O'Chiese First Nation reservation land was set aside in Treaty 6.

1877  Henvey Inlet First Nation was granted Henvey Inlet Indian Reserve No. 2.

1879  The Carlisle Indian School opened and before it closed a number of Chippewa attended there.[169][170]

1880  The Cowessess First Nation reserve was surveyed in 1880 at Crooked Lake, Saskatchewan.  The band did not occupy until 1883.

1880 "The Mille-Lacs stood as a unit on the side of the whites in 1862". History of Morrison County, Little Falls Transcript, Apr. 23, 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [163]

1880 "The Mille-Lacs may stay as long as they are good" Chief Moose-o-ma-na (Mou-zoo-mau-nee) letter to President R.B. Hayes, Little Falls Transcript, Apr. 16, 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [164]

1880  Leech-Lake head Chief Naw-wa-ge-schick, noted for good services during dark days of 1862. Little Falls Transcript, Apr. 23, 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [165]

1880  Mille-Lacs Indian Reservation, Little Falls Transcript , Mar. 26, 1880, p., Library of Congress, 2023. [166]

1881   Muscowpetung First Nation was allocated reserve lands  in southern Saskatchewan .

1882  Turtle Mountain Reservation was established in 1882 in North Dakota.

1882  Shoal Lake 40 First Nation reserve was surveyed.  The Nation was moved to a man made island between 1912-19 where they are located today.

1882   Northwest Angle 37, Animakee Wa Zhing #37 survey date recorded. 

1883  Minnesota State Senator J.B. Gilfillan offered the Chippewa resolution for citizenship and the right to vote citing the preamble of the Minnesota Constitution.[171] [172] The bill passed under suspended rules.[173] All native Americans were made U.S. citizens by The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.[174] The right to vote was determined by the States.[175]

1884  The Mille-Lacs: The Attempt to Dispossess Them of Their Lands Thwarted. The Saint Paul Globe, Jun. 19, 1884, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023. [167]

1884  Siege of Khartoum 30 Ojibwa volunteers served as boatmen on the Nile for General Lord Garnet Wolseley's group.[176] They were lead by Chief William Prince great grandfather of Sgt. Tommy Prince.[177]

1884  Wabigoon Lake reserve was first laid out in 1884 but not confirmed until 1915. 

Hole-in-the-Day III   Late in 1885 ex-Governor Ramsey escorted Hole-in-the-Day's youngest son Joseph to Washington D.C. as a candidate to West Point.[178][179][180][181]  The trip's mission made national news with all accounts reporting he was a fine candidate.  They also expected he would be accepted.  In April 1886 he made his petition in person to President Cleveland.[182]  There are no news accounts for his not being accepted. He made news again in November 1887 when his stepfather adopted him and he took his surname Woodbury.[183]  The following December he made news again for giving the USPS his notice of resignation to become Chief on the White Earth Reservation. In 1898 he enlisted as a private in the 14th Minnesota Infantry for Spanish American War service.

1885  Col. T. J. Sheehan became the Indian agent at the White Earth Agency.  In 1862 he was suposed to escort the Chippewa Treaty Commission to meet the Red Lake and Pembina band to sign a treaty when he was diverted bu the Mdewakantnon Uprising.

1885   The Red Rock Indian Band Reserve was surveyed  along the Nipigon River and the band received 480 acres in 1886.  The reserve wasn't offical until 1914.

In 1885 the war dead were transferred from the Fort Abercrombie cemetery to Fort Lincoln. The interred native American scouts were included. One was identified as Matatabnahee.[134]

1888  RED LAKE CHIPPEWA INDIANS OF MINNESOTA 

H.R. Rep. No. 789, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (1888)

https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5612&context=indianserialset 

1888  Dawes Act was successfully resisted by only the Red Lake Band of Chippewa giving them the only Chippewa Reservation in the United States not broken up by allotment. It makes their Reservation "closed" giving the Red Lake Nation complete sovereignty over it.  There were a few other nations in the U.S. that opted to retain their lands in this manner.

1888   J.D.C. Atkins:  "Barbarous Dialects Should Be Blotted Out ..."Excerpts from the 1887 Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. https://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/atkins.htm#:~:text=The%20instruction%20of%20the%20Indians,not%20exclusively%20taught.%20...

1888  "Theodore H. Beaulieu  and his cousin Gus published the first edition of the fist Ojibwa newspaper in Minnesota named "The Progress".  The U.S. Indian agent on the White Earth Reservation immediately seized the press, charging the Beaulieu brothers with voicing ”incendiary and revolutionary sentiment.”  He a  The brothers took the BIA to court for violating their First Amendment rights. In November 1886, the U.S. Circuit Court at St. Paul ordered the return of Beaulieu’s press and awarded Gus $250 which equals $8,459. in 2025.  They then had a hearing before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. who ored the BIA to allow Gus back on the reservation to resume publishing."   ELIZABETH MCNEIL https://escholarship.org/content/qt8mm5813d/qt8mm5813d.pdf "  When the Progress resumed publishing it had criticisms of the federal Indian Bureau  as well as current local, national, and international news.  I also did a 12 month series on Ojibwa Chippewa culture. 

*  It is important to note that two White Earth  Midewiwin society elders, Saycosegay and Day Dodge were the source of the material in the 12  Ojibwa articles that were published in "The Progress" reservarion newspaper.  Day Dodge was “Grand Sachem and Medicine Seer of the White Earth tribe” p.87 .https://escholarship.org/content/qt8mm5813d/qt8mm5813d.pdf

*  Another observation to note is that in 1888 the people of Minnesota felt the Chippewa were entitled to the freedom of the press in a court of law. 

*  Theodore was not native to White Earth.  He was born at La Pointe, Madeline Island, WI. 

1889  Nelson Act of 1889.This act was the forced consolidation of the Minnesota Chippewa onto the White Earth Reservation.  Several reservations ceased to exist with the passage of this bill.  The Red Lake Nation stood firm in it's opposition but lost a portion of their reservation.  The larger bands impacted by the Nelson Act were:

• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Indians
• Cass Lake Band of Pillager Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Pillager Chippewa
• Mille Lac Band of Mississippi Chippewa
• Otter Tail Lake Band of Pillager Chippewa
• Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
• Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
• Snake River Band of St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Winnebagoshish Band of Pillager Chippewa
• White Oak Point Band of Mississippi Chippewa

1889   Curve Lake First Nation reserve was created after the band had moved there in 1829. 

1890  Tales of the Ojibwa, The New York Times, Jan. 19, 1890, p.10, Newspapers.com, 2024. [168]

• 1679 Mille Lacs Duluth treaty.
• 1858 Sweetcorn Treaty.[206]
• 1870 Fort Abercrombie Treaty, Our own State, Minneapolis Daily Tribune, Aug. 20, 1870, p.4 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [214][207]

• See: Ojibwe#Ojibwe treaties.
• Treaties with the “United Nation of Chippewa, Ottowa, and Potawatamie Indians”, U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol.  7, pp. 431-444.  
•  Ibid. “Journal of the proceedings of a Treaty between the United States and the United Tribes of Pottawottamies,  Chippeways & Ottowas”, National Archives microfilm  series T494, “Documents Relating to the  Negotiation of Ratified and Unratified Treaties with Various Indian Tribes, 1801-1869” Roll 3, pp. 61-87
• Treaty: Ratified Indian Treaty 247: Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi - Agency on the Missouri River near Council Bluffs and at Potawatomi Creek near the Osage River, June 5 and 17, 1846  https://digitreaties.org/treaties/treaty/175516208/

The Ojibwa Chippewa signed more treaties than any other tibe or First Nation: 1 French, 28 British, 10 Canadian, and 51 U.S.  The first treaty the British Crown signed with the Ojibwa was the 1850 Robinson Treaty, with Canada it was Treaty No. 1 in 1871, and with the United States the first was the multi-nation First Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825.