QUEBEC: 

*  Eagle Village First Nation or Kebaowek First Nation, Kipawa Indian Reserve  (Reserve Number 110)     

*  Lac-Simon Reserve (Simosagigan) (Indian Reserve 168) 

MANITOBA:  

*  Berens River First Nation (Berens River 13 and Pigeon River 13A)

*  Bloodvein First Nation IR Bloodvein 12

*  Brokenhead First Nation 4 

*  Buffalo Point First Nation (Buffalo Point Reserve 36)  Reed River (Reserve 36A) 

*  Dauphin River First Nation 48A 

*  Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation, IR 61, IR 61A, and IR 61B 

*  Little Grand Rapids First Nation

*  Little Saskatchewan First Nation 

*  Long Plain First Nation (Long Plain Reserve No. 6) 

*  Pauingassi First Nation

*  Peguis 1B Reserve (Peguis Reserves 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, and 1I, and St. Peters Fishing Station 1A)  

*  Pinaymootang First Nation (Fairford 50 Reserve) 

*  Poplar River First Nation (Poplar River Reserve 16) 

*  Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation ( Roseau River Reserve No. 2, 

Roseau Rapids 2A and Roseau River 2B) 

*  Sandy Bay Ojibway First Nation (Indian Reserve# 5)

*  Shoal Lake #40 First Nation (Reserve # 40) 

*  Swan Lake First Nation (Swan Lake Reserve 7 or IR 7) 

ONTARIO:  

*  Aamjiwnaang First Nation (Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation) Sarnia Indian Reserve 45 

*  Agency Reserve No 30 & No. 1  

*  Alderville First Nation Alderville Indian Reserve 37 (Sugar Island 37A) 

*  Animbiigoo Zaagi’igan Anishinaabek (Lake Nipigo Reserve) Lake Nipigon Indian Reserve Gull River 55  

*  Animikee Wa Zhing 37 First Nation (Northwest Angle 37 First Nation)  

*  Anishinaabe of Naongashiing First Nation (Big Island Reserve) Big Island Mainland 93 , Saug-a-gaw-sing No. 1 

*  Aroland settlement (briefly  Aroland 83 Indian Reserve)  

*  Assabaska Band of Saulteaux Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation  Sabaskong Bay 35D and 35E  

*  Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation (Grassy Narrows) (English River Indian Reserve 21)

*  Aundeck Omni Kaning First Nation, Ojibways of Sucker Creek 

*  Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways (Obadjiwan Reserve 15E) 

(Goulais Bay 15A) ( Rankin Reserve 15D) (Whitefish Island Reserve 15)

*  Beaverhouse First Nation (First Nation lacking federal recognition)    

*  Beausoleil First Nation (Christian Island) 

*  Big Grassy River First Nation (Big Grassy River 35G) 

*  Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek Rocky Bay 1 reserve  

*  Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek First Nation Sand Point Reserve 

*  Biigtigong Nishnaabeg (Pic River First Nation) 

*  Bkejwanong Territory, Walpole Island First Nation    

*  New Brunswick House Band of Ojibway (originally New Brunswick House 76)  (Mountbatten 76A and Duck Lake 76B)

*  Caldwell First Nation or "the Chippewas of Point Pelee" 

*  Cat Lake First Nation   

*  Chapleau Ojibway First Nation, (Chapleau 61A, Chapleau 74, and 74A)  

*  Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation (Reserve No. 27) 

*  Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation (33 reserve and  33A reserve  Chippewa Island) 

*  Chippewas Of Rama First Nation (Mnjikaning First Nation 32 Indian Reserve)

*  Chippewas of Kettle and Stoney Point First Nation- Kettle Point 44 

*  Chippewa Of The Thames First Nation 42

*  Constance Lake First Nation 92 English River Band 92 and  (English River 66) 

*  Couchiching First Nation 16A  

*  Curve Lake First Nation (Mud Lake Band 35)  

*  Dokis First Nation, (Dokis Indian Reserve No. 9)

*  Eabametoong First Nation (Fort Hope Reserve)  

*  Fort William First Nation, Fort William Indian Reserve 52  

*  Flying Post First Nation (Flying Post No. 73) 

*  Ginoogaming First Nation (Long Lake Reserve #77)

*  Garden River First Nation (Garden River 14) 

*  Ginoogaming First Nation (former Long Lake 77 First Nation)  

*  Gull Bay First Nation (Gull River 55 Indian Reserve) 

*  Henvey Inlet First Nation (French River 13)(Reserve No. 2) 

*  Indian River Reserve (Chippewas of Rama First Nation formerly- the  Coldwater-Narrow reserve 32 for the Chippewas of Lakes Simcoe and Huron

*  Lac Des Mille Lacs First Nation (22A1 and 22A2)  

*  Lac La Croix First Nation (Neguaguon Lake Indian Reserve 25D)

   Lac La Croix Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C was  incorporated into       Quetico Provincial Park   

*  Long Lake #58 First Nation 

*  Magnetawan First Nation (Magnetawan No. 1 Reserve)

*  Marten Falls First Nation (Marten Falls 65)

*  Matachewan First Nation (Indian Reserve #72)

*  Michipicoten First Nation (Gros Cap 49)  

*  Mississaga First Nation (Mississagi River 8 Reserve)

*  Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation (New Credit 40A)

*  Manitou Rapids Reserve No. 11  

*  Mattagami First Nation (has no reserve number assigned)

*  Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve 63A and Osnaburgh Indian Reserve 63B 

*  Mississaugas Of Scugog Island First Nation (Indian Reserve #34)

*  Mississauga of Hiawatha First Nation (Indian Reserve 15)

*  Namaygoosisagagun First Nation (First Nation lacking federal recognition)

*  Neskantaga First Nation (formerly Lansdowne House First Nation,Neskantanga Indian Reserve)

*  Netimizaagamig Nishnaabeg (formerly Pic Mobert First Nation-South Reserve No. 127)  (formerly Pic Mobert First Nation-North, Reserve No. 126) 

*  Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation (Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation Indian Reserve 27) 

*  Naotkamegwanning First Nation Saulteaux's (Whitefish Bay 32A)  (Yellow Girl Bay 32B) (Sabaskong Bay 32C) 

*  Nibinamik First Nation (reserve number 241)  

*  Nigigoonsiminikaaning (Red Gut) First Nation (Rainy Lake 26A), (Rainy Lake 26B), (Rainy Lake 26C), and (Agency 1)  

*  Nipissing First Nation (The Dulles Indian Reserve 38 C, and Agency Indian Reserve 30)

* Northwest Angle #33 

* Obabikong Reserve (Big Grassy First Nation 35 B) 

* Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation (Sabaskong Bay 35C, Sabaskong Bay 35D, Sabaskong Bay 35F, Sabaskong Bay 35H

*  Obashkaandagaang Bay First Nation (Washagamis Bay, formerly O'Bash'Kaan'Da'Gaang(38A) Wauzhusk Onigum (Rat Portage-38B) Niisaachewaan (Dalles-38C)   

*  Ojibway Nation Of Saugeen, Chippewas of Saugeen (Saugeen 29, Chief's Point 28, Saugeen HuntingGrounds 60A, Saugeen and Cape Croker Fishing Islands 1)  

*  Chippeways of Thessalon (IR Thessalon 12) Ojibways of Thessalon First Nation

*  Pauingassi First Nation

*  Pays Plat First Nation (Pays Plat 51) 

*  Point Grondine Park (Wikwemikong Unceded Territory, Indian Reserve Point Grondine 3)   

*  Rainy River First Nation (Manitou Rapids Indian Reserve No. 11) 

*  Red Rock Indian Band (Red Rock 53 formerly Parmachene 53 and Lake Helen 53A) 

*  Rainy River First Nation (Manitou Rapids 11) 

*  Roseau River First Nation No. 2, 2A Roseau Rapids, 2 B Roseau River, formerly the Pembina Band of Chippewa

*  Sagamok Anishnawbek, Spanish River Indian Reserve No. 5 

*  Chippewa of Saugeen First Nation 27, Chief's Point 28, Saugeen 29 

 (Hunting Grounds 60A) (Saugeen and Cape Croker Fishing Islands 1) 

*  Seine River First Nation (Seine River 23A) 

* Serpent River First Nation (Serpent River 7) 

* Shawanaga First Nation (Reserve No. 17 and 17A) 

* Sturgeon Lake Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C delisted

* Taykwa Tagamou Nation Cree Ojibwa. ( New Post 69 and New Post 69A) 

* Temagami First Nation ( Bear Island Indian Reserve No. 1)

* Wabaseemoong Independent Nation (formerly Islington Indian Reserve 29,    One Man Lake 29, Swan Lake 29, and Agency Indian Reserve 30, White Dog) 

* Wabauskang First Nation Saulteaux (Wabauskang 21)

* Wabigoon Lake First Nation Saulteaux (Wabigoon Lake 27) 

* Wahnapitae First Nation, (Wahnapitae Indian Reserve No. 11) 

* Walpole Island First Nation (Walpole Island 46)

* Wasauksing First Nation ( Parry Island Reserve, formerly Old Massett Village Council) 

*  Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation (Kenora 38B  formerly  Rat Portage 38B)

*  Wahgoshig First Nation (Abitibi No. 70)

*   Fishing Lake First Nation is an Saulteaux Community located to the south-east of Humboldt, Saskatchewan 

*  Webequie Indian Reserve #240) 

*  Wikwemkoong First Nation, Manitoulin Unceded Indian Reserve, Indian Reserve #26 

*  Whitefish River First Nation (Whitefish River 4)

* WhiteSand First Nation (Indian Reserve 31)

*  Zhiibaahaasing First Nation 19 and 19 A

SASKATCHAWAN: 

*  Cote First Nation, Little Pine First Nation (Reserve No. 64)

*  Cowessess First Nation (Reserve 73, Reserve 73 A and Reserve Grounds 77)

*  Fishing Lake First Nation, Fishing Lake Indian Reserve No. 89  (has been divided in smaller reserves)

*  Kahkewistahaw First Nation (Saulteaaux Cree) (Reserve 74 plus 14 others)

*   Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation  80

*  Saulteaux First Nation (the Saulteaux at Jackfish Lake & Saulteaux Indian Reserve 159)

ALBERTA: 

*  O'Chiese First Nation (O'Chiese 203 and O'Chiese Cemetery 203A)

BRITISH COLUMBIA; 

*  The Saulteaux First Nations (West Moberly Lake No. 168A and East Moberly Lake 169) 

KANSAS:

* Chippewa and Munsee Tribe of Kansas. 

* Prairie Band of Potawatomis, decendants of the United Bands from the 1833 Chicago Treaty

 MICHIGAN:

* Bay Mills Indian Community Trust Land (originally 5 Sault Ste. Marie Bands of Chippewa Indians)  

* Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Reservation Little 

* Traverse Bay Bands Reservation

* Keweenaw Bay Indian Community

* L’Anse Trust Land (originally the L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation)

* Little River Band of Ottawa Indians of Michigan Reservation

* Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe Isabella Reservation 

* Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Reservation.

* Bart Lake Ottawa and Chippewa Tribe, (unrecognized)

* Consolidated Bahwetig Ojibwas & Mackinac Bands, (unrecognized)

* Lake Superior Chippewa of Marquette, (unrecognized) 

* Maconce Village Band of Ojibwa, (unrecognized) 

* Ooragnak Indian Nation, (unrecognized)  

* Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes, (unrecognized)

* The Chi-cau-gon Band of Lake Superior Chippewa of Iron County, (unrecognized)

* The Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, (unrecognized)

WISCONSIN:

* Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake 

* Superior Chippewa Reservation 

* Mole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation 

* Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Reservation 

* Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation 

MINNESOTA: 

* Bois Forte Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation

* Leech Lake Band of the Mississippi Chippewa Reservation

* Mille Lacs band of Ojibwe, Mille Lacs Band of the Mississippi Chippewa Reservation 

* Red Earth Nation: Red Lake Band of Chippewa Reservation

* White Earth Nation: White Earth band of the Mississippi Chippewa Reservation 

* Kah-Bay-Kah-Nong Warroad Chippewa band (unrecognized) considered part of the Red Lake Nation.

* Kettle River Band of the St. Croix Chippewa of Minnesota, (unrecognized), considered part of the Mille Lacs band.

* Rice Lake Band of Ojibwe, (unrecognized), considered part of the Mille Lacs band. 

* Sandy Lake Chippewa Band of Mississippi Chippewa, (unrecognized,) considered part of the Mille Lacs band. 

* Snake and Knife Rivers Band of the St. Croix Chippewa of Minnesota, (unrecognized), considered part of the Mille Lacs band. 

NORTH DAKOTA : 

* Turtle Mountain Pembina band of Chippewa Indians Reservation

MONTANA: 

* Rocky Boy Chippewa Cree Reservation

 Pierre Bottineau was the son of a Saulteaux mother, Margaret Ah-dik-Songab (Clear Sky), and, Charles Joseph Bottineau, a French-Canadian fur harvesting father. His mother was the sister of Chief Red Bear of the Pembina band. He was raised near St. Boniface, now Winnipeg, Manitoba.  He was famous and respected as a scout, guide, and translator. He is reported to have been able to speak: French, Ojibbway, Dakota, Assiniboine, Plains Cree, Mandan, Winnebago and English.  He was reported to have been born in 1817 on the Red River of the North at Bear Point, near the mouth of the Turtle River. One of his sons served in Co. F 5th Minnesota during the Civil War. During 1863-4 Pierre served as a guide and a scout for General Sibley against the Sioux. Minnesota Govenor Ramsey, Oregon Governor Steven, and the Northern Pacific RR all engaged his service. He acted as the translator for the Pembina band at their 1863 Treaty. There is no record that he was ever engaged by the Crown.  His first travels were to carry messages for the American Fur Co. from Selkirk to Prairie du Chien in 1830. A mere 690 mile trek as a teenager. After that he delivered messages for the HBC. He was married twice and fathered over 20 children. In 1863 he translated for the 1863 Red Lake Pembina treaty.  In 1876 he led 70 French and Saulteaux Metis familys to found the town of Red Lake Falls, Minnesota. Other towns he founded were Osseo, Maple Grove, Breckenridge, Minnesota and Wahpeton, North Dakota  He later was labeled the "Kit Carson of the Northwest". Some called him the "Walking Peace Pipe". It's sticking out of his pocket in the image. In 1879 the U.S. granted him a pension for his service. His son, Jean Baptiste, practiced law and was the Turtle Mountain Chippewa legal council for 20 years in claims against the government. In his obiturary his daughter wrote:  He was a strong and consistent advocate of a liberal education for the Indian of today,—industrial, technical, professional, and moral. He strongly approved and supported the policy of the U. S. Indian Office in maintaining such schools for the education of the Indian as that at Carlisle, Pennsylvania.Contributed by Mrs. Marie L. Baldwin (née Bottineau) in memory of her father". She became the first female lawyer in the UnitedStates. Jean Baptiste provided legal assistance to at least one student from Turtle Mountain to gain admittance to Carlisle.

https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/db/11974

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/95652352/jean_baptiste-bottineau

https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/sites/default/files/docs-documents/NARA_RG75_91_b2214_01282.pdf

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/SERIALSET-02605_00_00-429-3127-0000/pdf/SERIALSET-02605_00_00-429-3127-0000.pdf

☆  Albert Gatschet Ojibwe Materials: 1878 Bottineau Vocabulary, Mii Dash Geget ,  https://miidashgeget.wordpress.com/2020/02/07/gatschet-1878-bottineau/#bnote 

☆  Anishinaabe Treaty-Making in the 18th- and 19th-Century Northern Great Lakes: From Shared Meanings to Epistemological Chasms, Alan Ojiig Corbiere, 2019, York University, Toronto, Ontario  

https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/322837923.pdf

☆  A summer in the wilderness; embracing a canoe voyage up the Mississippi and around Lake Superior, chapters XI-XXIII

by Charles Lanman, published by D. Appleton & Company in New York,  1847. He spent some time writing Chippewa oral history in the book. https://archive.org/details/summerinwilderne01lanm

☆  Adventures of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in Englan, France , and Belgium, Geo Catlin, Vol. I, 1852 London. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44776/44776-h/44776-h.htm#Page_111

☆   Adventures of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in Englan, France , and Belgium, Geo. Catlin, Vol.II, 1852 London, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44777/44777-h/44777-h.htm 

☆   A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians, H.C. Yarrow,Smithsonian Institution - Bureau of Ethnology, 1904, Gutenburg Project, [eBook #11398], 2025. [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11398/pg11398-images.html] 

 ☆  "A Little Flesh We Offer You": The orgins of Indian Slavery in New France, Brett Rushford, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Jstor, 2025. [247]

☆ Adventures Of The Ojibbeway And Ioway Indians In England, France, And Belgium Vol I & II, George Catlin 1852.[324]

☆  Among the Otchipwees I, Charles Whittlesey, p 84, Among the Otchipwees II, p.177, Among the Otchipwees III, p.335
Magazine of Western History, Vol.1, Wiliam W. Williams, 1884-5, Cleveland, Ohio, Google books 2025. https://books.google.com/books?id=AvQOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

☆  An Indian Duel, How the Chippewas and Crows settled a duel,   The Bozeman Courier (Bozeman, Mont.), Jul. 9, 1926, p.10, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86075113/1926-07-09/ed-1/?sp=10&q

☆  Anishinabewaki ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐗᑭ, Native Land Digital, 2025. [248]

☆  Biographies of Indians at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: Quebec History, Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis University, 2004. [249]

☆  Canadian Border by the National Archives UK, https://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives/albums/72157630319362458/

☆  Chiefs and Coucillors: Vol. 2, Claims and Historical Research Centre, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/aanc-inac/R32-424-1992-2-eng.pdf

☆  Chippewa

https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/browse?search=chippewa

☆  Chippewa Child Life and It's Cultural Background, Smithsonian Institution: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 146, 1951. file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/bulletin1461951smit.pdf

☆  Chippewa Customs, Frances Densmore, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Enthnology, Bulletin 86. file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/bulletin861929smit.pdf

☆  Chippewa Indian Historical Project Records, Sister M. Macaria Murphy, 1936-1942, United States. Works Progress Administration, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2025. [250]

☆  Chippewa Indian Fact Sheet (Ojibwe, Ojibway)

https://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm

☆  Chippewa Indian Clans, Bands and Gens, Access Genealogy, 2025, https://accessgenealogy.com/native/chippewa-indian-clans-bands-and-gens.htm

☆ Chippewa music by Frances Densmore v.1 Hathi Trust, Google Digitized, 2025. [263]

☆  Chippewa Tribes. https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~jmh4/history/nativeamerican/chippewa/chippewa.htm

☆  Death Chant from Red Lake, Omis Ke Go, Grand Medicines Last Words, W.R.Spears, Red Lake News, Feb. 1, 1918, p.3 Minnesota Newspapers Ditigal Hub, 2025. 

☆  Eastern Ojibwa, Chippewa, Ottawa Dictionary by Richard A. Rhodes, 1946, https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110864342_A20011925/preview-9783110864342_A20011925.pdf

☆  Eastern Ojibwa Pipes. Christiam Feest, Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 10, 2019. esearchgate.net/profile/Christian-Feest/publication/352573477_Eastern_Ojibwa_Wooden_Pipes/links/60d10e51458515dc179c87ed/Eastern-Ojibwa-Wooden-Pipes.pdf

☆  Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Huron H. Smith, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.327-525. [253]

☆  Freelang Dictionary: Ojibwe.

https://www.freelang.net/dictionary/docs/ojibwe_readme.pdf

☆  From Fireside to TV Screen: Self-Determination and Anishinaabe Storytelling Traditions, Cory Silverstein & Zeek Cywink, the Canadian Journal of Native Studies 20 Jan. 2000, p.35-66. [254]

☆  George Catlin’s Obsession, Smithsonian Magizine, Bruce Watson, December 2002. [325]

☆  Habitants and Voyageurs: Adventures in French-Canadian and Anishinaabe Genealogy

https://habitantsandvoyageurs.blogspot.com/2010/12/many-cadotte-problem-part-3-sorting-out.html

☆  Historic Territories of Indigenous Nations, Hannah Curry, Sarah Long, Daniel Parent, Story Maps 2021, Esri Headquarters Redlands, CA, 2025. [255]

☆  History of the Ojibwa Nation, Volume V, Willliam Warren, Minnesota Historical Society  1883. [326]

☆  History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan and a Grammar of their Language,  A. J. BLACKBIRD, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/gdc/lhbum/16465/16465.pdf

☆  History of the Ojibways and Their Connection With the Fur Traders Based Upon Official and other Records, Rev. Edward D. Niel, A.B, 1885, Minnesota Historical Society https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ojibway_Nation/Neill

☆  Home Remedies of the Frontier (Chippewa) 1949. [327]

☆  Indian Peace Medals in American History, Francis Paul Pucha, The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, MCMLXXI, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections, 2024. [256]

☆  Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes, Selwyn Dewdney, University of Toronto, 1962, Google Books 2024. [257]

☆  John Beaargrease: Legend of Minnesota's North Shore by Daniel Lancaster, 2008. 

☆  Kitche-Gamme: Wanderings Around Lake Superior, J. G. Kohl, Chapman and Hall, London 1860, Google Books, 2024. [258]

☆  Le Grande Medecine Ojibways, J/L/ Michon, 1964. https://www.sag-ssa.ch/bssa/pdf/bssa36_04h.pdf 

☆  Living with the Animals: Ojibwe Spirit Powers 9781442667044,  DokumenPUB, 2025.

https://dokumen.pub/living-with-animalls-ojibwe-spirit-powers-9781442667044.html

(See: Appendix D Ojibwe Historical Relationship with Copper)

☆  Medallic History of the War of 1812: Catalyst for Destruction of the American Indian Nations, Benjamin Weiss, Kunstpedia Foundation Haansberg 19 4874NJ Etten-Leur, Netherlands. [259]

☆  Major Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian Agent, Willowby M. Babcock Jr. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Dec., 1924), pp. 358-375. https://doi.org/10.2307/1888840

☆  Michigan's Company K: Anishinaabe Soldiers, Citizenship, and the Civil War, Michelle K. Cassidy, Michigan State University Press, 2024.

☆  Mii Dash Geget, Ojibwe, Algonquian languages, historical linguistics, and randomness, 2025. [260]

☆  MV Chippewa, 1927 passenger, Portland Harbor, Maine. [328]

☆ Nanibozhu Amongst The Otchipwe, Mississauga And Other Algonkian Tribes, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. IV, July-September, 1891, No. XIV. https://www.jstor.org/stable/534004?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1

☆  Narrative journal of travels through the northwestern regions of the United States : extending from Detroit through the great chain of American lakes to the sources of the Mississippi River, performed as a member of the expedition under Governor Cass in the year 1820,by Henry  Rowe Schoolcraft

https://archive.org/details/narrativejournal00scho/page/n5/mode/2up

☆  Native America's Pastime: How Football at an Indian Boarding School Empowered Native American Men and Revitalized their Culture, 1880-1920 School Empowered Native American Men and Revitalized their Culture, 1880-1920 David Gaetano, Oberlin College , 2019. https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1122&context=honors

☆  Native Language Materials, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, 2024. [261]

☆  Ojibwa Pictography: The Origins of Writing and the Rise of Social Complexity. [329]

☆  Ojibwa Myths and Tales: The Manabozho Cycle Paul Radin, A. B. Reagan

The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 41, No. 159 (Jan. - Mar., 1928), pp. 61-146 https://www.jstor.org/stable/534908URL 

☆  Ojibwa Tales from the North Shore of Lake Superior, William Jones, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 29, No. 113 (Jul. - Sep., 1916), pp. 368-391  https://www.jstor.org/stable/534679URL 

Ojibwe Ethnogenesis: 1640–1740, Theresa M. Schenck, University of Nebraska Press, 2025

Ojibwe Stories from the Upper Berens River, Jennifer S.H. Brown

01/01/2018, ISBN: 9781496202253

☆  Old Photos - Ojibwa (aka Ojibwe, aka Ojibway) page1,2. [115]

☆  Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1851. [20]

☆  Pictographs of the North American Indians", Garrick Mallery, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology, 1886, Gutenburg Project, 2025. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54643/54643-h/54643-h.htm 

☆  Rules Governing the Court of Indian Offenses Rules Governing the Court of Indian Offenses, Hiram Price, Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Washington, March 30, 1883.   https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1167&context=indigenous-gov-docs

☆  Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway,

National Park Service, 2002. 

https://npshistory.com/publications/sacn/hrs/chap1.htm

☆  Seven Fires Prophecy:  Wikipedia

☆  Sketches of a tour of the Lakes: of the character and customs of the Chippeway Indian, and of the incidents connected with the treaty of Fon du Lac, Thomas L. Mckenney, Fielding Lucas Junior, 1927, Baltimore. HathiTrust, 2025. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071200060&seq=9

☆  Some Ojibwa Myths and Traditions,Harlan I. Smith, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 19, No. 74 (Jul. - Sep., 1906), pp. 215-230  https://www.jstor.org/stable/534569

☆ Songs Of The Chippewa, Francis Densmore, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 1907-10, Drumhop.com, 2024. [262]

☆  Star Stories, part 9: Ojibwe Indigenous Star Map - An Artist's Rendition, Stories by ZhaawanArt, 2025. [267]

☆  Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians By Huron H. Smith, BULLETIN OF THE PUBLIC MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE Vol. 4, No. 3, Pp. 327-525, Plates 46-77   May 2, 1932, https://pembinachippewa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Ethnobotany-of-the-Ojibwe-Indians.pdf

☆  The Indian Advocate, Oct. 1 1907, p.306-10  From the Bureau of American Ethnology. 

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/45043535/1907-10-01/ed-1/

☆  The Midēwiwin, or, "Grand medicine society" of the Ojibwa, Walter James Hoffman, Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-86, Internet Archive, 2025. [264]

☆  The Myths of North American Indians, Lewis Spence,  George G. Harrap & Co. London, 1914, pp. 25, 48, 63, 68, 69, 152-6, 223.  The Project Gutenburg EBOOK 42390, 2025. https://www.gutenburg.org/files/42390/42390-h/42390-h.htm#chap03

☆  The Nuab-Cow-Zo-Win Disks, Chad Stuemke, 2024. [266]

☆  The Ojibwa, Red River and the Forks, 1770-1870, Laura Peers, Manitoba Historical Society Archives, 1994. [265]

☆  The Ojibwa-Iroquois War: The War the Five Nations Did Not Win, Leroy V. Eid, University  of Dayton, Ethnohistory, Fall 1979.  https://albinger.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/anishinaabeg-haudenosaunee-war.pdf
 

☆  The Ojibways of Minnesota, Rev. Joseph A. Gilfilllan, 1876, Library of Congress, 2025. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/gdc/lhbum/0866d/0866d_0071_0144.pdf

☆  The Secret Life of Chief Namakagon, James A. Brakken, Badger Valley Publishing, 2022. 

☆  The Simms Collection of Southwestern Chippewa Material Culture, James Van Stone,  Sept. 1987, Field Museum, Chicago.

https://archive.org/details/simmscollectiono11vanst/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater

☆ The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation, George Copley, 1851, (pictographs pp. 127, 132-34). [330]

☆  To Represent the Country in Egypt:Aboriginality, Britishness, Anglophone Canadian Identities, and the Nile Voyageur Contingent, 1884–1885,  ANTHONY P. MICHEL , https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/view/4211/3409

☆  Trade Ornament Usage Among the Native Peoples of Canada, A Source Book, Karlis Karklm, 1992, p. 21-41, 116-120 http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/saah/trade-ornaments.pdf

☆  Two Famous Red Men, Mille Lacs The Minneapolis Journal, Jan. 2, 1904, p.3, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS St Paul, MN. [268]

☆  Underwater Panther or the Great Lynx Mishipeshu.  United States, Works Progress Administration: Chippewa Indian Historical Project Records, compiled: 1936-1942, Sister M. Macaria Murphy, History Center and Archives, Northern Great Lakes Visitor Center; Wisconsin Historical Society, Division of Library, Archives, and Museum Collections. [269]

☆ Uses of plants by the Chippewa Indians, EXTRACT FROM THE FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THe BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY UNITED STATES by Frances Densmore, 1928 https://archive.org/details/usesofplantsbych00dens/page/n7/mode/2up

☆  Wa-bish-kee-pe-nas and the Chippewa Reverence for Copper, Bernard C. Peters, Michigan Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Fall, 1989), pp. 47-60, Published By: Historical Society of Michigan. [270]

☆  Waemboeshkaa, Chippeway Chief 1872. [332]

War of 1812, p. 147-161, Veterans Affairs Canada https://veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/memorials/books-remembrance/page/3304

☆  Wenebojo[331] and Nanabozho

1. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 26 Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023. [273]
2. ^ A thrilling incident from the History of Minnesota, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 27, 1865, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [274]
3. ^ Shin-Ga-Ba-Wossin, McKenney and Hall's 'Indian Tribes of North America, McKenney and Hall, Philadelphia, 1833. [275]
4. ^ Peter Jones, Frederick E. Hoxie, Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 1996, p.306. [[276]]
5. ^ A-wun-ne-wa-be, Bird of Thunder, American Art Collaborative, Smithsonian, 2024. [277]
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Indian Loving Catlin and His Buffalo Powder Horn, Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes Barre Pa, 1930, pp.22-26. [278]
7. ^ Nebenaigoching, Karl S. Hele, The Canadian Encylopedia, 2024. [279]
8. ^ Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Frederic Baraga, pub. Jos. A. Hemann, Cincinnati, 1853, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024. [280]
9. ^ Early life among the Indians reminiscences from the life of Benj. G. Armstrong, Benj. G. Armstrong, 1892. [281]
10. ^ Armstrong and a delegation of Chippewa chiefs meet with Lincoln, Chiefbuffalo.com, 2024. [282]
11. ^ Narrative Of the Indian War of 1862-1864 and Following Campaigns in Minnesota, Charles Eugene Flandreau, 1890, p.789, Forgotten Books, 2018, ISBN 10-0266767648.
12. ^ Joseph D. Gurnoe/Chequamegon history, Amorin Mello, 2024. [283]
13. ^ An Indian PowWow, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Mar.. 27, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024. [284]
14. ^ Progress Up the River, Chapter XVIII, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River, Capt. Hiram Martin Chittende, New York, Francis P. Harper publisher, 1903. [285]
15. ^ Who was Geroge Bonga, William Durbin, Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, Nov–Dec 2010 [286]]
16. ^ North Hearing Room, The official website of the Wisconsin State Capitol, 2024 [287]
17. ^ A Trading Station photograph, Angus B McVicar, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024 [288]
18. ^ Indian Hunters and Rice Gatherers, Indians at the Post Office, Smithsonian, 2024,[289]
19. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1851, Clyx.com, 2024 [290]
20. ^ Minong Copper Mining District, National Historic Landmark Nomination, 2025 [291]
21. ^ Copper Artifacts, Milwaukee Public Museum, 2024, Milwaukee, WS [292]
22. ^ The Anishinabe Way, Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan, Alpena, MI, 2024. [293]
23. ^ Copper Spearhead, A Museum Called Manitoba, 2024. [294]
24. ^ First Peoples of Canada: Native copper from the Canadian Museum of History, 2016. [295]
25. ^ "Old Copper" in Manitoba, Nutimik Lake Museum, Whiteshell Provincial Park, MB. [296]
26. ^ Three Fires Council, The Citizen Potawatomi Nation Cultural Heritage Center, Shawnee, OK, 2024. [297]
27. ^ Meaning of the Word Ojibwa, history of the Ojibways and their connection with fur traders, Schoolcraft, Library of Congress, 2024. [298]
28. ^ 5 Forgotten Names for the Mighty Chippewa River, Volume One Magazine, Tom Giffey, 2016, Eau Claire, WS. [299]
29. ^ The Ontonagon Copper Rock, Sacramento Daily Union, Vol. 14, No. 2039, 8 Oct. 1857, California Digital Newspaper Center, University of CA Riverside, 2024. [300]
30. ^ Jump up to:a b Wa-Bish-Kee-Pe-Nas and the Chippewa Reverence for Copper, Bernard C. Peters, Michigan Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Fall, 1989), pp. 47-60, Historical Society of MI, 2024. [301]
31. ^ The Great Lakes in Ojibwe, The Decolonial Atlas, 2014. [302]
32. ^ Uncovering the Secrets of Michigan’s Ancient Petroglyphs, Doug Marrin, The Sun Times, Aug. 2024, Dexter Michigan. [303]
33. ^ Chippewa Customs, Frances Densmore, GPO, 1929, p.74, reprint Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1979, ISBN: 9780873511421.
34. ^ Chief Wabanquot, Find a Grave, Cindy K. Coffin, 2024. [304]
35. ^ Jump up to:a b c Chapter IV, Rev. James B. Finley, Life amongst the Indians, p.106. Hitchcock and Walden, Cincinnati, 1857, Google books, 2025. [305]
36. ^ Battle of the Flint River – Fact or Fiction?, Peter Hintermann, My City Magazine, Nov. 2018. [306]
37. ^ Chippewa Sauk War, Timothy Dowell, 2019 Prezi Inc., 2025. [307]
38. ^ Point Iroquois: An Important Ojibwe Military Victory, Adam Berger, Upper Peninsula History, 2024. [308]
39. ^ History of Chippewa, Niagara Falls Info, 2024. [309]
40. ^ Jump up to:a b c Daniel Greysolon Sieur Du Lhut (1636-1710) A Peaceful Sioux – Ojibwe Alliance 1678-1683: Ojibwa and Sioux Beginnings, Red River Ancestery.ca, 2025. [310]
41. ^ Ripples from La Prairie Voyageur Canoes, 2019. [311]
42. ^ Canoes, Productions Rivard Inc., 2024. [312]
43. ^ Jump up to:a b The Struggle for Minnesota, The Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians: Forest Resource Relationships 1700-1900, Daniel M. Heth, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, 2025. [313]
44. ^ Battle of Point Prescott, Red River Ancestory.com, 2013. [314]
45. ^ Military Alliances, Colonies and Empires: French Colonial Expansion and Franco-Amerindian Alliances, Canadian Museum of History, QC Canada 2025. [315]
46. ^ The Land Belongs to Neither One: Native Americans, Europeans, and the Raid on Pickawillany, Luke Martinez, California State University, Fresno, 2011, pp.42, 51–52, 54–55. [316]
47. ^ Jump up to:a b c Role during the War: Ojibwa People, Kronoskaf the Virtual Time Machine, 2025. [317]
48. ^ Minavavana, Digital History, 2025. [318]
49. ^ Rattlesnake Native Relations, Ontario Archaeology No.79/80, 2005, p.138, 2025. [319]
50. ^ Cannabalism, History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, and the War of the North American Tribes Against the English Colonies After the Conquest of Canada, Vol. 1, Richard Bentley, London 1851, p.329, Google books, 2024. [320]
51. ^ Chippewa Indian Chiefs and Leaders, Access Genealogy, 2024. [321]
52. ^ Madjekewiss, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. V (1801-20) 2024. [322]
53. ^ Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees, John Sugden, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000, p.67 ISBN 0-8032-4288-3,
54. ^ Changing Currents Feature No. 1, Chippewa Valley Museum, 2014. [323]
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Forth Harmar Treaty (1789) & Greenville Treaty Signers (1795), Wash. County Chapter Ohio Genealogical Society, Marietta,OH, 2024. [324]
56. ^ Move to the plains, Tribal Historical Overview, No. Dakota Dept. of Public Instruction, 1997. [325]
57. ^ The Biggest Forgotten American Indian Victory, Colin G. Calloway, What It Means to be American, Smithsonian, 2015. [326]
58. ^ Jump up to:a b The Red River Expedition 1870, Lt. H.S.H. Riddell, 60th Rifles, Paper 5, p.116, 2025. [327]
59. ^ Anishinaabeg in the War of 1812, Alan Corbiere, Active History, University of Saskatchewan and Huron University, 2024. [328]
60. ^ Niibaakohm: Ojibwa War Chief and Debassis ancestor, A. Corbiere, Kinoomaadiwag, Vol.3 No.1, 2005, digital Collections, Six Nations Library, 2024. [329]
61. ^ The Siege Of Detroit: Book review, Peg Thomas, 2020, [330]] The Siege Of Detroit In 1763: The Journal of Pontiac’s Conspiracy and John Rutherfurd’s Narrative of Captivity, John Rutherfurd, 2011, Literary Licensing, LLC, ISBN| 9781258053789.
62. ^ NOAA-supported mission discovers historic shipwrecks off Turks and Caicos Islands, NOAA, 2024. [331]
63. ^ War Art in Canada, A Critical History, Laura Brandon, Art Institute Canada, Toronto, OT Canada, 2024. [332]
64. ^ The Story of The Ontonagon Copper Boulder, Hope Pantell, Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., 1971, p.1. [333]
65. ^ Beaumier Exhibit Looks at Lewis Cass Expedition, 2024. Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI. [334]
66. ^ Treaty of Fond Du Lac... chiefs given medals, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, National Journal, Washington DC, Oct. 7, 1826, Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers, 2025. [335]
67. ^ Neenába's Map: line on the Red Cedar Fork, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2024. [336]
68. ^ Indian schools, Rochester Post-Bulletin, May 26, 1958, p.26, Newspapers.com, 2024. [337]
69. ^ Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Robert Dale Parker, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2012. [338]
70. ^ She Could Look Into the Heavens: Ojibwe Poet Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Anne Holmes, Library of Congress Nov, 2021. [339]
71. ^ Wiki commons, 2024. [340]
72. ^ September 26, 1833 – Treaty of Chicago, Forest County Potawatamie, WS 2024. [341]
73. ^ Translation Help Needed: Ojibwe and French placenames on Joseph Nicollet’s manuscript map of Wisconsin, Chequamegon History, Leo Filipczak, 2024. [342]
74. ^ The Journals of Joseph N. Nicollet: a scientist on the Mississippi headwaters, with notes on Indian life, 1836-37, Martha Coleman Bray, p.19, 31,44 , Minnesota Historical Society, 1970, ISBN 0873510623.
75. ^ Joseph M. Nicollet, South Dakota Historical Press. [343]
76. ^ Study Resource Guide. US Dakota War of 1862 Anoka County, US Dakota War Minnesota County By County, 2024. [344]
77. ^ Adventure of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in England, France, and Belgium; Being Notes of Eight Years’ Travels and Residence in Euope With His North Amaerican Indian Collection Vol. 2, Chapter XXVIII, George Catlin, No.6 Waterloo Place, London. [345]
78. ^ The Battle of Battle Creek, Frank Gilbertson, City of Maplewood, MN, 2024. [346]
79. ^ Hero of the Chippewa Sioux Battle..., The Saint Paul Globe, Oct. 12, 1902, p.3, Minnsota Digital Newapaper hub, 2025. [347]
80. ^ Canvas attracts global interest, James Adams, The Globe and Mail, Nov. 17, 2004. [348]
81. ^ The Indiana Herald, Jul 17, 1850 p.2, Newspapers.com 2024. [349]
82. ^ “Sudden and Entire”: Investigating the Accusation of Cannibalism in the Early Chippewa Tribes Shelby Miller History 489: Research Seminar December 20, 2016. [350]
83. ^ Great Indian Battle in Minnesota, The Daily Dispatch, Oct. 11, 1855, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [351]
84. ^ Indian Battle, 19 Sioux Killed, Demoine Courier, Ottumwa, Iowa, Sept. 27, 1855, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [352]
85. ^ The Goodhue Volunteer, Jan 28, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023. [353]
86. ^ Francis Vincenti, Bust of Aysh-Ke-Bah-Ke-Ko-Zhay, or Flat Mouth, an Ojibwa Chief, Sotheby's, 2019. [354]
87. ^ Leaman Indian Rifle, Green River Rifle Works, GRRW Collector, Phil L. Meek, 2024. [355]
88. ^ 1860 Great Britain Victoria Peace Medal: Mar. 17, 2021, Heritage Auctions. [356]
89. ^ Silver peace medal stamped "1860" and with the crest of the Prince of Wales, Gilcrease Museum, 2025. [357]
90. ^ The General we Want, The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023 [358]
91. ^ Jump up to:a b c d From Chippewa Country, Winona Weekly Republican, Sept 3, 1862, Minnesota Digital Hub 2023, MNHS [359]
92. ^ Indian War, St Cloud Democrat, Vol.5, No. 5, 28 Aug. 1862, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023. [360]
93. ^ Jump up to:a b Letters from Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024 [361]
94. ^ Fort Ridgely, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 5, 1863, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS. [362]
95. ^ An Offer of Aid from the Chippewas., New York Times, Sept. 14, 1862, p.9, ProQuest Historical Newspapers, 2023. [363]
96. ^ 2 Wisconsin Chippewa Chiefs, The New York Herald, Sept 14, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023. [364]
97. ^ Lake Superior Chippeways, Mankato Semi-weekly Record, Sept. 13, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspapers hub, 2023, MNHS. [365]
98. ^ Hole-in-the-Day requests Wisconsin warriors for Chippewa woman murdered by the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 7, 1862, Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS. [366]
99. ^ Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, 5 Nov. 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024. (Interview with the Chippewa, Nicolay attending) [367]
100. ^ Fighting between the St. Croix and Long lake Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 23, 1863, Minnesota Newspaper Digital Hub, 2023, MNHS. [368]
101. ^ Arizona Weekly Citizen, July 26, 1890, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023. [369]
102. ^ Letter of Commissioner Dole, 11 Sept, 1862, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol. VII, No.8, Sept. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [370]
103. ^ Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4592, 18 Sept 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA. [371]
104. ^ Liverpool Albion, 20 Oct. 1862,British Newspapers Archives, London, 2024. [372]
105. ^ Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog), chief, Pillager band Chippewa, Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. [373]
106. ^ Ne-Bah-Quah-Om (Big Dog), The Dakota War of 1862, A Case Study on the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, William Clements Library, University of Michigan, 909 S. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI. [374]
107. ^ The Indian War, Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV No. 17, 10 Oct. 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023. [375]
108. ^ Ne-Bah-Quah-Om (Big Dog): The Dakota War of 1862, A Case Study on the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, William Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. [376]
109. ^ The Chester Chronicle 25 Oct, 1862, Chester England, p.2, 2023, The British Newspaper Archive. [[377]
110. ^ North America Indians, Liverpool Albion (England) 20 Oct 1862, British Newspaper Archive. [378]
111. ^ Head chief of the Lac Centre Orielle Chippewa, St. Paul, Minnesota, c. 1862, Aw-Ke-Wen-Zee, The Autry Museum of the American West’s Collections Online, 4700 Western Heritage Way, Los Angeles, CA, 2023. [379]
112. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Old Photos - Ojibwa (aka Ojibwe, aka Ojibway), grahamew, American-Indian-Tribes.com, 2024. [380]
113. ^ Buffalo aka Be-she-kee aka Pezeke aka Bizhiki - Chippewa Chief, First People: American Indian Photographs: Gallery I, p.7. [381]
114. ^ Jump up to:a b Letter from St.Cloud, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 3 Oct, 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023. [382]
115. ^ The Volunteer, 1 Oct, 1862, Library of Congress, 2023. [383]
116. ^ Jump up to:a b Indian Rising, St. Cloud Democrat, Aug. 21, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023. [384]
117. ^ From the Red River, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 6, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [385]
118. ^ Jump up to:a b The Indian War, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 28, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [386]
119. ^ From Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 12, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023. [387]
120. ^ From the Red River, White Cloud Kansas Chief, Sept. 18, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [388]
121. ^ Narrative Of the Indian War of 1862-1864 and Following Campaigns in Minnesota, Charles Eugene Flandreau, 1890, p.745, Forgotten Books, 2018, ISBN-10: 0266767648
122. ^ The St. Paul Daily, 28 Aug. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
123. ^ The St. Paul Daily, Aug. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [389]
124. ^ News from Abercrombie, The St. Paul Daily, Sept. 9, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [390]
125. ^ From Fort Abercrombie, The Chicago Tribune, Sept. 12, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [391]
126. ^ From the Northwest, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 5, 1862 p.4 Newspapers.com, 2025 [392]
127. ^ The Chippewa for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept 9, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [393]
128. ^ Half an hour with Pierre Bottineau, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 30, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [394]
129. ^ From Chippewa Country, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [395]
130. ^ The Pioneer and Democrat, 7 Nov. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [396]
131. ^ The Hope pioneer, Oct. 23, 1885, p.2 Library of Congress, 2024. [397]
132. ^ John George Nicolay—One of “the Boys”, Lincoln Collection, 2024. [398]
133. ^ Army Correspondence, Rochester Republican, Sept. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2025 MNHS. [399]
134. ^ The Illinois State Journal, Sep 13, 1862 p.3, Newspapers.com. [400]
135. ^ The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Nnewaspaper Hub, 2025, MNHS. [401]
136. ^ The Indian War, The Baltimore Sun, Oct 06, 1862 p.1, Newspapers.com. [402]
137. ^ Took Three Enemy Scalps, The Keota News (Keota, CO), May 26, 1922, Library of Congress, 2024. [403]
138. ^ What Roles did Minnesota's Native Chiefs play, Mark Boswell, Minneapolis Tribune, 23, Feb 2024. [404]
139. ^ Tribal enrollment, Red Bear Pembina Chippewa Indians 2024 [405]
140. ^ Discover the Range, Explore Minnesota, 2025 [406]
141. ^ Protection for Pine County, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 05 Sep 1862, p. 4, Newspapers.com 2023 [407]
142. ^ The Indian Troubles. The St Paul Daily Press, 25 January, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS. [408]
143. ^ Treaty between the United States and the Red-lake and Pembina Bands of Chippewas, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Mar. 4, 1864, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [409]
144. ^ From the Northwest, The New York Times, Jan 24, 1863 p.1, Newspaper.com, 2025. [410]
145. ^ Lead the Way: Researching U.S. Army Indian Scouts, 1866–1914, Trevor K. Plante, Prologue Magazine, Summer 2009, Vol. 41, No. 2, National Archives, 2024. [411]
146. ^ Native Americans in the Antebellum U.S. Military, James P. Collins, Prologue Magazine, Winter 2007, Vol. 39, No. 4, National Archives, 20024. [412]
147. ^ Enlisted Indian Scouts Enlistment Papers, Native American Heritage, National Archives, 2024. [413]
148. ^ From the Indian Expedition, The Saint Paul Daily Press, July 22, 1863, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [414]
149. ^ Bannock Point Petroforms - Whiteshell Provincial Park, Tim Hauf, 2024. [415]
150. ^ Kahkewaquonaby, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, Donald B. Smith, University of Toronto 2000. [416]
151. ^ Tell the Mille-Lacs what Danger they are in, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, Chapter 5, "Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III)", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, 1973, p.100-18, POB 2172, La Cross, W. ,[417]
152. ^ From St. Paul, Chicago Tribune, Jan 20, 1864 p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024. [418]
153. ^ Pembina the 4th, The Evening Post, Cleveland, Jan 26, 1864 p.2, Newspapers.com. [419]
154. ^ Zhauwuno-geezhigo-gaubow (“he who stands in the southern sky”) Vol. XIII (1901-1910), Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 2024. [420]
155. ^ Occurrence's of Long Ago, Wausau Pilot, December 22, 1908, Library of Congress, 2024. [421]
156. ^ Affairs at Camp Douglas, The Chippewa Chiefs have a Talk With the Rebels, Chicago Daily Tribune, Jan. 29, 1863, p.4, Library of Congress, 2025 [422]
157. ^ A Talk to the Rebels, Washington Standard, Mar. 28, 1863, p.1 Library of Congress, 2025. [423]
158. ^ The Chippewas and the Rebels, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Feb. 1, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2025, MNHS. [424]
159. ^ Chippewa and the Rebels, Mankato Independent, Feb. 6, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2025, MNHS. [425]
160. ^ Jump up to:a b c Indian Fight,Rochester Republican, July 12, 1866, p.1 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [426]
161. ^ Private Letters, Chatfield Democrat, July 21, 1866, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 20024, MNHS. [427]
162. ^ The Agent of the Hudson Bay Co, Prescott Journal, July 21, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2025. [428]
163. ^ Cannibalism, The Manitowoc Pilot, July 20, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2025. [429]
164. ^ Treaty Number One Medals at the Manitoba Museum tell a First Nations Story, Maureen Matthews, Manitoba Museum, 2024. [430]
165. ^ After 150 years, rare treaty medal remains with family of man who signed Treaty 2, Lenard Monkman, CBS News, Aug. 19, 2021. [V]
166. ^ Chippewa, Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center, 2025. [431]
167. ^ CHIPPEWA STUDENTS AT THE CARLISLE INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL (1879-1918), Those With American Indian-Native American Pride and Their Descendents, Facebook, 2025. [432]
168. ^ The Chippewa, Daily Globe, Feb 18, 1883, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [433]
169. ^ Daily Globe, Feb, 19, 1883, p.7, Library of Congress, 2024. [434]
170. ^ The Chippewa, Daily Globe, Feb 18, 1883, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [435]
171. ^ Sovereignty, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 2024. [436]
172. ^ Indian Citizenship Act, Today in History, June 2, Library of Congress, 2024. [437]
173. ^ Jump up to:a b News of the War....The Response, Canada History-Documents Natives, 2025. [438]
174. ^ Native Soldiers - Foreign Battlefields,Prince of the Brigade, Veterans Affairs Canada, 2025. [439]
175. ^ The Press and Daily Dakotaian, Nov. 5, 1885, Library of Congress, 2023. [440]
176. ^ The Hickman Courier, Dec.4, 1885, Library of Congress, 2023. [441]
177. ^ Hole in the Day, St. Paul Daily Globe, Oct. 31, 1885, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023. [442]
178. ^ Mr. Hole in the Day, The Indianapolis Journal, Oct 30, 1885, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023. [443]
179. ^ A young Indian's Romantic History, The Minnesota Farmer, Apr. 23, 1886, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [444]
180. ^ Civilized, St Paul Daily Globe, Nov. 8, 1887, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [445]
181. ^ Vergrosserung Fort Ridgerlin Park geplant, New Ulm Post, Newspapers.com, 2025, May 01, 1914 p.6. [446]
182. ^ Celebration at Fort Ridgely, New Ulm Review, Aug. 12, 1914, p.6, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2025. [447]
183. ^ Neues Denkmal in Ridgely, New Ulm Post, Jul 31, 1914, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2025. [448]
184. ^ Neues Denkmal, New Ulm Post, Aug 21, 1914 p.6, Newspapers.com, 2025. [449]
185. ^ "A Big Time On the Nipigon River That Time...", Nipigon Museum The Blog, 25 Dec. 2011. [450]
186. ^ Chippewa Indian Who Was Famous Fifty Years Ago Dying Near Fond du Lac, Minn, New York Times 27 June 1897: p.3, ProQuest, 2023. [451]
187. ^ The Saint Paul Globe, Oct. 16, 1898, p.1 p.3, Library of Congress, 2024. [452]
188. ^ Indian Chiefs want Peace, The Princeton Union, Oct 20, 1898, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [453]
189. ^ 1901 Calgary Silver Indian Peace Medal, Christies, 2001, London. [454][455]
190. ^ Migisi, James T. Angus, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. 13, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2024. [456]
191. ^ Conservation and the Speech of "Ishi's Elder Brother", The San Francisco Call, Jan. 28, 1912, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [457] (Ishi was a Yahi Native American that made news at that time)
192. ^ The Oglala Light, Pine Ridge, S.D., Dec. 1, 1913, p.30, Library of Congress, 2024. [458]
193. ^ Old Moo-Zoo gets his, New Ulm Review, Nov 01, 1916 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2025. [459]
194. ^ One Indian Agent for Minnesota Chippewa's, The Tomahawk, White Earth December 21, 1916, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024. [460]
195. ^ Daily Globe, February 18, 1883, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [461]
196. ^ W.T. Kerr Advocating a Statue for the Chief that prevented a Massacre, Star Tribune, Aug 23, 1925 p.66, Newspapers.com, 2024. [462]
197. ^ The "Chippewa-Hiawatha": Chicago - Ontonagon, MI, Americanrails.com, 2025 [463]
198. ^ Chippewa 197, Streamliners, Tumblr, 2025. [464]
199. ^ Port Arthur and Fort William Greet King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, May 23, 1939, Thunder Bay public library, 2025. [465]
200. ^ The 1939 Royal Visit Medallions, Calgary Numismatic Society, 2025. [466]
201. ^ ID#:5853539, Prince Charles meets students at Children of the Earth, a secondary school, Government of Canada, April 1996. [467]
202. ^ Replication of an 1814 Peace Medal, Paul S. Storch, Minnesota Historical Society, 2025. [468]
203. ^ A Powerful Chief of the Ojibwa People, Sotheby's, Dec. 9, 2019 [469]
204. ^ The Sweetcorn Treaty 1858, Kade M. Harris, Turtle-Mountain Chippewa Heritage Center, 2024. [470]
205. ^ Fort Abercrombie Peace Conference, www.American Tribes.com, 2024. [471]
206. ^ Jump up to:a b Warriors in Lincoln's Army, Quita V. Shier, iUniverse, 2017, Native America Today, 2024. [472]
207. ^ American Indian Sharpshooters at the Battle of the Crater, Gordon Berg, History, 2016, History.net. [473]
208. ^ Sons of Civil War preserve memory of two Medal of Honor soldiers, Loraine Anderson, Traverse City Record-Eagle, 2024. [474]
209. ^ Chapter LL, Lt. Freeman S. Bowley, The story of American heroism: thrilling narratives of personal adventures during the great civil war as told by the medal winners and roll of honor men, The Werner co. Chicago, New York, 1896, pp. 460-1, Library of Congress, 2025. [475]
210. ^ American Indians in the Civil War? Petersburg National Battlefield is Part of the Story, Dec. 2010, National Parks Traveler, 2025. [476]
211. ^ The Hillsdale Standard, 21 Jul 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com. [477]
212. ^ What We’ve Learned: “Reassessment”, Chris K. Howland, Emerging Civil War, 2024. [478]
213. ^ Jump up to:a b c Company K of the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters, American Battlefield Trust, 2024 [479]
214. ^ Company K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters: Antoine Scott, Vicki Wilson, Native Sharp Shooters, 2024. [480]
215. ^ The Mine Disaster, Petersburg, Virginia, July 1864, Sidney and James B. Haight, Eva Gray Tent 2 website, 2024. [481]
216. ^ Patriotism Among the Indians: Civil War Recruitment, Pentwater Historical Society, 2024. [482]
217. ^ Company K, 1st Michigan Sharpshooters at Spotsylvania, Sarah Kay Bierle, Emerging Civil War, 2024. [483]
218. ^ The Road to Andersonville, Frank Boles, Clarke Historical Library, 2013. [484]
219. ^ COMPANY K, 1st Michigan Sharpshooters During The Civil War 1961-1865, Kokopelli, Find a Grave, findagrave.com 2024. [485]
220. ^ Company K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters, October 30, 2024. [486]
221. ^ The Battle of Birch Cooley, Chicago Tribune, Sept. 10, 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023. [487]
222. ^ Jump up to:a b c d One Drop In A Sea Of Blue, John B. Lundstrom, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, 2012, p.10.
223. ^ Letter From Capt. McCoy, St. Cloud Democrat, 30 April, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS. [488]
224. ^ 85 year old chief still joins in dances, The Tomahawk 18 Sept 1919, p.1 , Newspapers.com, 2023. [489]
225. ^ Big River Man News-Beaulieu Family History, June 2010. [490]
226. ^ Captain Bealieau Dies, Minneapolis Daily Times, 9 May 1904, p.7, Newspapers.com, 2023. [491]
227. ^ About Mou-zoo-mau-nee, Little Falls Herald 4 Sept. 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023. [492]
228. ^ EastSide Notes, The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Aug. 07, 1914, Library of Congress, 2023. [493]
229. ^ Wisconsin’s Native-Americans During the Civil War, ARTROOT'S Racine's Writer-in-Residence, May 24, 2019. [494]
230. ^ Sept-Oct 1864, The History of the 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, David Frohmader, 2025. [495]
231. ^ 7th Wisconsin, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields National Military Park, National Park Service, 2025. [496]
232. ^ A Fatherly Eye: Indian Agents, Government Power, and Aboriginal Resistance in Ontario, 1918–1939, Robin Brownlie, University of Toronto Press, p.63, 2025. [497]
233. ^ 501st Infantry Regiment, The Institute of Heraldry, U.S. Army, 2024. [498]
234. ^ Will enlist Chippewas, The Madison Daily Leader, Jan. 15, 1892, p.2 , Library of Congress, 2024. [499]
235. ^ Domestic, Iowa County Democrat, Mar. 24, 1898, p.2. [500]
236. ^ The Spanish Difficulty, Morris Tribune, Morris Minnesota, March 30, 1898, p.7, Library of Congress, 2024. [501]
237. ^ Regiment of Chippewas, The Age-Herald, Birmingham Alabama, Mar. 13, 1898, p.5, Library of Congress, 2024. [502]
238. ^ Chippewa Warriors, Stockton Record, Vol. VI, No. 133, 14 Mar. 1898, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Stockton, CA. [503]
239. ^ Indians in World War I Centennial site, The United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars, 2024, [504]
240. ^ the United States Foundation for the Commemoration of the World Wars, 2014. [505]
241. ^ Easy to Secure Chippewa Regiment, The Duluth Herald, April 7, 1917, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, [506]
242. ^ Jump up to:a b World War I Native American soldiers could be in line for Medals of Honor, Joshua Skovlund, Task & Purpose, 2024. [507]
243. ^ The Story of "Old Abe," famous Wisconsin War Eagle on 101st Airborne Division patch, Capt. James A. Page, U.S. Army, 2012. [508]
244. ^ Indians in the War 1945, Naval History and Heritage Command, 2024. [509]
245. ^ Honoring Native American Code Talkers: The Road to the Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-420), William Meadows, UCLA American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 2011. [510]
246. ^ Tommy Prince Warrior, McKenzie Porter, Canadian Military History Vol.16 Issue 2 Article 7, 2012. [511]
247. ^ Tommy Prince, 1915-1977, Canadian stamp stories, Canada Post, 2025. [512]
248. ^ Downed Over Japan: Aviation Radioman First Class Oliver Rasmussen, Naval History and Heritage Command, 2024. [513]
249. ^ Chippewa Lead-inlaid Black Stone Pipe Bowl, American Indian & Ethnographic Art, 05-12-2012, Skinner Auctions, Boston MA. [514]
250. ^ Red Pipestone Quarry, The Topeka State Journal, May 08, 1899, p.7, Library of Congress, 2024. [515]
251. ^ The Sacred Pipestone Quarry, The Learned Eagle-Optic, Aug 9, 1901 p.4, Newspapers.com. [516]
252. '^ Sioux Pipestones, The Chronicle, Wilkesboro, North Carolina, Jun 21, 1899, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024. [517]
253. ^ The Pipestone of Devis Lake, E.E. Woodman, 14 Feb. 1877, Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, p.251-58, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2024. [518]
254. ^ Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1850, black stone with pewter or lead inlay, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY. [519]
255. ^ Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, 18th century, stone, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY. [520]
256. ^ Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1860, steatite with lead inlay, Overall: 3 1/8 × 5 1/4 × 1 1/4 inches, Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY. [521]
257. ^ Chippewa, Native American, Pipe Bowl, ca. 1850, black/brown stone (olivine series, possibly fayalite), Alamy.com 2024, Alamy Inc. 49 Flatbush Ave, #130, Brooklyn, NY. [522]
258. ^ Pipestone, The Conservative, March 21, 1901, p.8, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress. [523]
259. ^ Great Red Pipestone Quarries, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug. 30, 1902, The Journal Junior, p.22, 2024, Library of Congress. [524]
260. ^ Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Flat Mouth) Steatite pipe, Leech Lake, Minnesota Chippewa, Smithsonian, National Museum of American Indian, Washington, D.C., 2024.[525]
261. ^ Southwestern Chippewa/Ojibwa steatite pipe, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA, 2024. [526]
262. ^ Black steatite Ojibawa/Chippewa Pipe, with lead and catlinite Inlays, 2024, Heartland Artifact Auctions, Quincy, IL [527]
263. ^ Lake Winnibigoshish/Leech Lake steatite pipe ca. 1870-1900, Smithsonian, NMAI, Washington, D.C., 2024.  [528]
264. ^ Anishinaabe Pictographs, Ramblin' Boy, 2024. [529]
265. ^ Chippewa Pictograph Sites of the Border States (Michigan, Minnesota; Wisconsin), Ramblin' Boy, 2024. [530]
266. ^ Chippewa Indians, U.S. History Images, 2025. [531]
267. ^ Four Boats Named Chippewa! A Pictorial History, Al Hart, Inland Seas: Fall 2011, National Museum of the Great Lakes, Toledo, Ohio, 2024. [532]
268. ^ HCMS Ojibwa insignia, ReadyAyeReady.com, 2025. [533]
269. ^ HCMS Ojibwa profile, HMCS Ojibwa Museum, 2025. [534]
270. ^ Experience HMCS OJIBWA, HMCS Ojibwa Tours, 2025. [535]
271. ^ Star Tribune, Aug. 4, 1899 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024. [536]
272. ^ Prospects for the Pipestone Indian School are Excellent, The Minneapolis Journal, Mar 25, 1890 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024. [537]
273. ^ PITS girls basketball team 1908, Minnesota Digital Library Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024. [538]
274. ^ Indian Girls' Basketball Team PITS, Seven unidentified girls, A.C. Milum, Minnesota Digital Library, Pipestone Historical Society, 2024. [539]
275. ^ Mandolin Club, Pipestone Indian Training School students, Pipestone, Minnesota, Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024. [540]
276. ^ Pipeston Indian School Closing Remains Unsettled, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Jan 06, 1952, p.10, Newspapers.com 2024. [541]
277. ^ Would Close School at Pipestone, The Albert Lea Tribune, Jan 09, 1952, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024. [542]
278. ^ Indian School at Pipestone May Continue, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb 05, 1953, p.15, Newspapers.com, 2024. [543]
279. ^ Sioux Kickers, Reporter and Farmer, Webster SD, Aug 20, 1891 p.2 Newspapers.com. [544]
280. ^ Sioux Indians Protest, Chippewa Herald-Telegram, Aug 18, 1891 p.1 Newspapers.com, 2024. [545]
281. ^ Chattering young Sioux, The Minneapolis Journal, Mar 28, 1893 p.4, Newspapers.com. [546]
282. ^ The Slayton Gazette and Murray County Pioneer, Sept. 6, 1894, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [547]
283. ^ White Earth News, The Thirteen Towns, Mar, 1, 1895, Fosston, Minnesota, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [548]
284. ^ The Slayton gazette and Murray County Pioneer, July 1, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN. [549]
285. ^ Enroute to Pipestone, The Saint Paul Globe, Aug. 9, 1897, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [550]
286. ^ Jump up to:a b c School News and Records, Pipestone County, Minnesota, Genealogy Trails History Group, 2024 [Chippewa Pipestone indian school genology trails]
287. ^ The Indian's Red Pipestone, Star Tribune, Jun 14, 1899 p.12, Newspapers.com, 2024. [551]
288. ^ The Indian's Red Pipestone, The Sun, New York, NY, May 21, 1899 p.6 Newspapers.com, 2024. [552]
289. ^ Minneapolis Daily Times, Dec 07, 1900 p.7, Newspapers .com, 2024. [553]
290. ^ Minnesota Wins Many Medals, The Minneapolis Tribune, Dec 06, 1901, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [554]
291. ^ They made the news and were included in Minnesota's total number of medals but were not identified, The Saint Paul Globe, May 09, 1902, p.10, Library of Congress, 2024. [555]
292. ^ The Minneapolis Journal, Nov. 7, 1902, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS. [556]
293. ^ Proposals for Net Beef, Argus-Leader, Jul 14, 1904 p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024. [557]
294. ^ Miss Julia Roy, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 01, 1905, p.1, Library of Congress, 2024. [558]
295. ^ Wife of Chippewa Chief dies here, Evening Star, Dec.9, 1934, P. A9, Library of Congress, 2024. [559]
296. ^ Minneapolis Journal, 16 June, 1906, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [560]
297. ^ The Sisseton Weekly Standard, Jul 10, 1908, p.7 Newspaper.com, 2024. [561]
298. ^ History, Pipestone Indian Training School, Pipestone, Minnesota, 1893-1953, America's Lost Colleges, Paul Batesel, 2024. [562]
299. ^ image 13/31, (5th row down), Pipestone, Minnesota Native American Training School Photo Archive of Chester E. Sogn, James E. Arsenault & Company, Rare Books, Manuscripts, Maps, Prints Photographs, 10 Old Stage Rd, Arrowsic, ME, 2024. [563]
300. ^ Approbation estimates, Bismarck Daily Tribune, Dec. 11, 1915, p. 4, Library of Congress, 2024. [564]
301. ^ Indian Schools in Danger of Closing, The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Aug.8, 1916, p.2, Library of Congress, 2024. [565]
302. ^ Big Indian Game may Come to Willmar, Willmar Tribune, October 14, 1914, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN. [566]
303. ^ The Tomahawk, White Earth Reservation, July 04, 1918, p.3, Library of Congress, 2024. [567]
304. ^ Enrollment in Pipestone Schools breaks record, Sioux City Journal, Sept 15, 1927, p.3, Newspapers.com 2024. [568]
305. ^ The Indians Went on the Warpath, The Minneapolis Journal, Nov 30, 1930, p.31, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN. [569]
306. ^ A New Indian Hospital aa Pipestone Opened, The Redwood Gazette, Sept. 22, 1932, p,2, Library of Congress, 2024. [570]
307. ^ Junior High Teams Meet Pipestone Indians, Sioux Center News, Sioux Center Iowa, Jan 23, 1941, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024. [571]
308. ^ Support Stands, Star Tribune, Aug 26, 1948, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024. [572]
309. ^ Ask Reopening of Pipestone Indian School, The Daily Argus Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Aug. 8, 1948, Newspapers.com, 2024. [573]
310. ^ Sleepy Eye Herald-Dispatch, Aug. 26, 1948, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul, MN. [574]
311. ^ 350 Capacity, The Daily Argus leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb. 18, 1949, Newspapers.com 2024. [575]
312. ^ Fight to keep the Indian School and Hospital Begins, The Winona Republican-Herald, Jan 31, 1949, p.5, Newspapers.com 2024. [576]
313. ^ Argus-Leader, Apr 26, 1953 p.42 Newspapers.com, 2024. [577]
314. ^ Indian School Fights Closing, The Sioux City Journal, Feb 08, 1953 p.45, Newspapers.com, 2024 [578]
315. ^ Opens Talks, Argus-Leader, Feb 05, 1953 p.15, Newspapers.com, 2024. [579]
316. ^ St. Paul Recorder, May 24, 1940, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN. [580]
317. ^ Chief William Madison, Sleepy Eye Herald-Dispatch, Aug. 1, 1950, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, St. Paul MN. [581]
318. ^ Jump up to:a b The Cointel Pro Papers, Ward Churchill, South End Press, Cambridge MA 1990, p.253 ISBN 2002106479.
319. ^ Ojibwa Pictography: The Origins of Writing and the Rise of  Social Complexity, Joan M. Vastokas, 1956, Sematic Scholar, 2024.                                                                                                                                                    
320. ^ The Queen in Manitoba during 1970 royal tour. The Canadian Press/Peter Bregg, The Conversation September 8, 2022, 2025. [582]
321. ^ Adventures Of The Ojibbeway And Ioway Indians In England, France, And Belgium, George Catlin, NO. 6, Waterloo Place, London, 1852. [583]
322. ^ George Catlin’s Obsession, Bruce Watson, Smithsonian magazine: December 2002. [584]
323. ^ History of the Ojibwa Nation, Minnesota Historical Society, Volume V, Willliam Warren, Minnesota Historical Society 1883. [585]
324. ^ Home Remedies of the Frontier, Le Sueur News-Herald, Feb. 16, 1949, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN. [586]
325. ^ Chippewa photo, Christiane Schulze Art and Photography, 2024.                                          [587]
326. ^ Ojibwa Pictography: The Origins of Writing and the Rise of Social Complexity, Joan M. Vastokas, 1956, Sematic Scholar, 2024. [588]
327. ^ The traditional history and characteristic sketches of the Ojibway nation, George Copway, Boston, B. F. Mussey & Co., 1851, Harvard University Library, 2024. [589]
328. ^ Ojibwe Oral Traditions, Milwaukee public Museum, 2025. [590]
329. ^ Waemboeshkaa, Chippeway Chief, McKenny, Thomas & Hall, James & Todd, Hatherly & Todd, Joseph. History of the Indian tribes of North America: with biographical sketches and anecdotes of the principal chiefs, D. Rice & Co. Philadelphia 1872. [591]
330. ^ Chippewa 350M, Electric VTOL News, Vertical Flight Society, 2025. [592] [593]