Indian commissioner Dole's account of meeting Hole-in-the-Day claimed the Chief was "insolent".  The Anaconda Standard published Hole-in-the-Day's account that disputes Dole's. The Chippewa War 1862: Daniel S. Mooer's Account of interview with Hole-in-the-Day, The Anaconda Standard, 8 Nov. 1898, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2023 [37]

Both chambers the Minnesota legislature agreed to send Gov. Ramsey and a Commission, with the authority to resolve the Chippewa issues, to meet Hole-in-the-Day at Crow Wing.[105]   When the commission and Gov. got to Crow Wing   waiting to meet him were the top leaders of the Minnesota Chippewa.  It was a surprise, as he thought he was just meeting Chief Hole-in-the-Day:

*  Hole in the Day, Cass Lake, Pug-a-nay--ke-shig

*  Berry Picker, Pillager,  Kaw-nun-dah-wa-we-zo (Kaa-nun-der-waaguinse-zo)

*  Chorrister,  Po-ke-ga-ma, May-yaw-ge-way-we-dung, (Ba-gah-wey-we-wedung)

*  Crossing Sky,  Rabbit Lake,  I-ah-we-ke-shig, (Ah-ah-shaw-we-ke-shick)

*  Returning Echo,  Sandy Lake,  I-ah-be-day-we-dung (Ah-aw-be-dway-we-dung)

*  Sky that touches the ground,  Rabbit Lake,  Me-sheck-ke-ke-shig, (Me-jaw-ke-ke-schick)

*  Noon Day, (band unidentified) Nay-taw-we-ke-shig, (Now-we-ke-schick)

*  White Fisher,  Gull Lake,  (Waub-o-geag or Wah-bo-jeeg)

*  Flatmouth, Leach Lake (Ne-gun-e-bin-ace or Ne-gah-ne-bin-ace-quay)

*  The Buffalo,  Leach Lake, (Be-sheck-ke)

*  One Sided Winner, (Nay-bun,ay-osh or Na-bah-nay-aush)

Instead twenty Chippewa leaders, of which at least 10 were Chiefs, were there and offered to fight Sioux when they met the Governor and the Commission. The Governor and Commission "taken with the offers" and returned to St. Paul. Minnesota's other U.S. Senator was "taken" when he was informed. Those opposed to Chippewa military service were President Lincoln, Major General Pope and Brigadier General Sibley. Commissioner Dole tried for 12 days to get a meeting with Hole-in-the-Day. When the Chief did show up, he surprised Dole by bringing 300 warriors who quickly encircled the Commissioner's party.[106] The meeting produced a treaty addressing the Chippewa concerns. Three copies were made, one for Governor Ramsey, one for Chief Hole-in-the-Day, and one for Chief Flat-Mouth. 

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. 20 Chippewa leaders offer, Appendix, Journal of the House of Representatives, State of Minnesota 1862, Wm. R. Marshall, Press Printing Company, St Paul, pp.135-8 [38] (Chief May-Zhuc-Ke-Ge-Shig spelling variation)

Hole-in-the-Day, 15 Sept. meet Senator Rice, Judge Cooper and Major Hatch, Minnesota History Magazine [39]

Newspapers that reported the "Chippewa Embassy" offers to fight the Sioux:

• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV, No.14, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 23, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• Winona weekly Republican, Sept. 24, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The New Your Herald 25 Sept, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023
• Goodhue County Republican Red Wing, Minnesota, Sept. 26 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS
• The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol.7 No 10, 1 Oct. 1862, 2023 Newspapers.com
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 26 Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023(Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, Flat-mouth list of Chiefs)[1]
• Liverpool Albion, 20 Oct. 1862,British Newspapers Archives, London, 2024[107]
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 26 Sept. 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept. 19, 1862, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

Crow Wing Agency reports 13, 14, 15, Sept. St. Paul Daily, 2 Oct. 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [40]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley scouts 1862, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress. 2023 [41]

Senator Rice opined the Chippewa could be "induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux." The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 19 Sept. 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com [42]

19 Sept about 40 warriors offer to fight the Sioux at the Crow Wing Agency and were sent to St Paul to be armed. From the Upper Mississippi, The Stillwater Messenger, Sept. 30, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [43]

Ramsey and Legislative Commission liked Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. The Chippewas have a long standing hostility to the Sioux The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 10 Oct, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [44]

Ramsey and Legislative Commission like the Chippewa offer, Hole in the Day offered large party of scouts. Chester Chronicle (England), 25 Oct. 1862, British Newspaper Archives, [45]

Chiefs of 21 Bands tendered their services to fight the Sioux. Delegation Of Chippewas Goodhue County Republican, Sept. 26, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [46]

Other newspapers that reported the Chippewa coming to St. Paul thinking that they were going to war:

• The New York Herald No. 9511, Sept. 28, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Chester Chronicle 25 Oct. 1862, Chester England, p.2, 2023, The British Newspaper Archive[112]
• The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023
• The New York Herald, Sept. 25, 1862, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 2023
• Chicago Daily Tribune Vol. XV, No. 68, Sept. 25, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress
• Buffalo Evening Post 25 Sept. 1862, p.3,(New York) Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Philadelphia Inquirer 25 Sept. 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Portland Daily Press, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Cleveland Morning Leader Vol. XVI, No. 229, Sept. 25, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Muscatine Weekly Journal, Sept. 26, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Fremont Journal, Sept. 26, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Weekly Ottumwa Courier Vol. XIV, No.29, Sept. 27, 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Detroit Free Press Vol. XXVI No. 105, 28 Sept. p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Daily Gate City Vol. 9 No. 179 (Keokuk, Iowa), Library of Congress, 2023
• The Kansas State Journal 2 Oct. 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Courier Journal, Vol. XXXII, No.263,(Louisville, Ky), 2 Oct. 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Memphis Daily Appeal, 2 Oct. 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Emporia News Vol. V No. 50, 4 Oct. 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Times-Picayune, 8 Oct. 1862, p.2, 2023, Newspapers.com
• The Daily Delta Vol XVII No.238 (New Orleans), 11 Oct. 1862, p.1, 2023, Newspapers.com
• Liverpool Albion (England) 20 Oct, 1862, British Newspaper Archive[113]
• The Zanesville Daily Courier 25 Sept, 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Daily State Sentinel, 25 Sept. 1862, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Indianapolis Star 25 Sept. 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Bedford Gazette, Vol. 58, No.3024, 3 Oct. 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Baltimore Sun, 26 Sept. 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Potter Journal, 22 Oct. 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023

Chippewa visitors, Gov Ramsey told them word would be sent when they were needed to fight the Sioux St. Paul Daily Press 24 Sept. 1862, No. 149, p.1, 2023 , Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [47] 

- - Hole-in-the-Day offered Sibley scouts 1862 - - The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 10, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [48]

- - Many of the Chippewa visiting St. Paul in 1862 had their images recorded at one of the city's two Photo Studios - - The Minnesota Historical Society has copies of the photo postcards Whitney Studio sold of these images in their achieves.

• Chippewa Chiefs at Whitney Gallery, Peabody Museum [49]
• Aw-Ke-Wen-Zee, Head Chief of the Lac-Centre-Orielle bands of Chippewa, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1862[114]
• Aamoons or Little Bee, Chief at Lac-du-Flambeau [115]
• Ah-Ah-Shaw-We-Ke-Shick Chief of Rabbit-Lake Chippewas[115]
• Be-She-Kee or Buffalo Head Chief Leech-Lake band c.1862[116]
• Ne-bah-quah-om (Big-Dog), Chief of the Pillager band Chippewa[115]
• Wa-bon-au-quot Chief at Gull Lake[115]

On 29 September the Chippewa preformed the Pipe Dance for the people of St. Cloud conveying their friendship.[117]  

On October first The Red Wing newspaper reported that the special session of the State Legislature passed a bill calling for a memorial to President Lincoln for ratifying resolutions of Legislature with the Chippewa.[118]

Reported at the time, was that the Dacotah had learned that the Commission had been sent to treat with the Red Lake Chippewa. The commission was comprised of U.S. Senator Wilkinson, Indian Commissioner Dole, Indian Superintendent Thompson, A.S.H. White Bureau of Indian Affairs, and J. G. Nicollay.[119] The Sioux thought that the commission was going to give their annuities to the Red-Lakers and sent a war party to intervene.[119]

About the same time, the Santee Sioux made a raid on Fort Abercrombie driving off all the livestock.[120][121] Included in the livestock were 200 head of treaty cattle intended for the Red-Lake band.[122][123] [124] The cattle and 30 wagons of treaty goods had been diverted to Abercrombie for safe keeping from a Santee Sioux attack.[125] These actions contributed to the cancellation of the treaty Commission meeting with the Red-Lake band and the failure of the expected treaty goods distribution, unbeknownst to the Red Lakers.[126] That caused the Chippewa to raid a wagon train headed for Fort Gerry for supplies they needed. The Red Lakers objected to the Pembina band taking cattle and saw that the animals were returned.[121] However, when the Red-Lakers were informed that the Santee Sioux actions were the cause of the delay of the Treaty Commission meeting them and that the Sioux had their treaty cattle, they offered to defend the frontier from the Santee.[127][128]

The Chippewa treaty wagon trains and goods arrived at Fort Abercrombie.[129]

• The Red Lakers offer to defend the frontier. The Chippewa for Peace, The Saint Paul Daily Press Sept. 9, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [130]

Fort Abercrombie, DT, was initially attacked twice and then encircled. In desperation of assistance, Captain Van der Hoeck, Abercrombie's commander, sent a request to the Chippewa at La Grand Fourche for assistance. Pierre Bottineau reported 60 warriors volunteered immediately. After a day of discussion the request was denied.[131]

Late September the noted frontier guide Pierre Bottineau encountered 750 Red-Lakers on the prairie who informed him of the events he had missed. He also learned that they were "friendly" in the colloquialism of the day.[117] 

Included in the Red-Lake and Pembina bands annuity goods were 50 shotguns that were distributed to the civilian defenders at Fort Abercrombie.

3 October the Red-Lake and Pembina bands informed commissioners that Hole-in-the-Day asked them to join him against the Government for the violations of the Chippewa Indian Agent. Red-Lake Chiefs said no, he felt Hole-in-the-Day was asking Red Lake to join the Sioux and he would not Hole-in-the-Day forget that.[132] Some, in the southern part of the state, equated the Chippewa issues with the Dacotah issues and assumed the tribes were unified or in "cohoots".

7 November it was reported that the Red-Lakers plundered a Fort Gerry supply train at Grand Forks while waiting for the Government to show up to sign a treaty and give them annuities so that they could buy supplies. It was a matter of hunger and urgency for the Ojibway.[133]

Hanging-Cloud's father was the Chief at Rice Lake Wisconsin. His band was a sub-band of the Lac-Court-Oreille. In one account she had a vision of joining a war party against the Sioux. It came to past that she led a war party into Minnesota where she killed and scalped four enemy. This entitled her to wear 4 eagle feathers and the men acknowledged by giving her full warrior lodge status.[140] Another story has that when her father was killed she avenged his death by killing three Sioux. Combined she could wear 7 eagle feathers.

"★  A Real Amazon or Hanging-Cloud  ★",  The Southern Enterprise Vol X No. 2, 14 May 1863, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023 [63]  The article states she led a war party and battled the Sioux for two days during the Mdewakantnon Uprising.  It states the Chippewa killed nine, four of which fell to Hanging Cloud.

A Chippewa Princess, New York Herald 13 Jan. 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [64]

A Chippewa Princess, New York Dispatch 20 Jan. 1856, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [65]

Aazhawigiizhigokwe: Hanging-Cloud, Across the Sky Woman, Jaguar Bird, Youtube, 2024 [66]

“The Princess” Ah-Shaw-Way-Gee-She-Go-Qua The Hanging Cloud: The Chippewas of Lake Superior, Dr. Richard E. Morse of Detroit, Vo. III of the State Historical Society’s Wisconsin Historical Collections, 1857, p.349-354, La Pointe Bands Part 1, Leo Filipczak, Chequamegon History, 2025 [67]

Chief Nenaangebi left the payment of 1855 at La Pointe: The Twins, Timm Severud, Rootsweb.com 2025 [68]

Ogimaakwe (Oh-gih-maah-quay) Pembina band's oral history as Head-woman, boss-lady, Warrior-Queen. Is said to have lead war parties.[141]

The Pembina band lists three women as Principal Nehiyaw Pwat “Iron Confederacy” Matriarchs for tribal enrollment: Machequayaince Adik Songab, Techomegood Adik Songab, Utinawasis Adik Songab.[142]

A military outpost was established at the St. Croix band village on the Snake River, for 4 years, in response to the Mdewakaton uprising. History of Pine city and Chengwatana, http://www.pinecityhistory.com/2016.114.pdf

The first unit posted to Chengwatana was the Ramsey Picket Guards militia[144]

 John Nicolay was sent to represent the President at the Chippewa treaty on the Red River. He was a member of the group accompanying Indian Commissioner Dole. He was present when Commissioner Dole met Hole-in-the-day and witnessed the Chief's surprise tactic of bringing 300 warriors with. Nicolay was at Fort Abercrombie when the Red Lakers treaty cattle were raided.[135] He and the treaty commission were still at Abercrombie when the fort was attacked on September 3, 1862.  He would have witnessed the Chippewa in G Company involved in the repulse of the Sioux attack which allowed him and the treaty party to escape back to Sauk Rapids and St. Cloud. Lincoln would have been informed of his firsthand Chippewa/Sioux experience.

Interview with the Chippewa, Nicolay attending, The Indian War in Minnesota Daily Alta California, Vol XIV, No. 4640, 5 Nov. 1862, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [61]

Nicolay at Fort Ripley[136] 

Nicolay Chippewa country[137] 

What Mr. Nicolay says about the Indian War[138]

Nicolay spent 6 weeks in Minnesota for the Chippewa.[139]

July-Sept, 1862: John G. Nicolay Papers: Transcripts, 1860-1865, Library of Congress, 2025 [62]

When the Mille-Lacs, Sandy-Lake, Chippewa-River and Snake-River bands showed up at Fort Ripley they were waving the U.S. flag as well as one of their own. A month later the 27th Iowa Infantry reported that those flags were flying at the Mille-Lacs village. When all the Chippewa Chiefs came to St. Paul to meet Gov. Ramsey they planted a U.S. flag at the Capitol. When Chief Red-Bear heard Little-Crow was waving a British flag in Pembina he got the U.S. colors to wave back.

Description of the Mille-Lacs' flags, drums and camp population recorded a month after showing up at Fort Ripley. Headquarters 27th Iowa, The Buchanan County Guardian 18 Nov. 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [54]

Our Chippewa Visitors, Carried the American Flag and were told they would be told when to go on the warpath against the Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press 24 Sept. 1862 Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [55]

50 Chippewa came at the invitation of the Governor with understanding their offer to fight the Sioux was accepted, planted American flag. The Chippewa Warriors, Nashville Daily Union, 17 Oct. 1862, Library of Congress, 2023 [56]

Little-Crow raised the Hudson Bay Company flag the Chippeways raised the American flag. Little Crow, Memphis Bulletin 15 Jun. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [57]

Important from Pembina, The Goodhue Volunteer, Jun. 17, 1863 p.1, Newspapers.com., 2025 [58]

Red-Bear waves the American colors at Little-Crow. Little-Crow at Pembina, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat , Jun. 12, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS [59]

Red-Bear American Flag, The Goodhue volunteer, Jun. 17, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [60]

John Strong G Co, 9the Minnesota was killed by "friendly fire" near St Cloud by milita that did not know Chippewa were in U.S. service and was assumed to be Dacotah. Letter From Capt. McCoy, St. Cloud Democrat, 30 Apr. 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [51] G Co. John Strong, 1st KIA , a St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald 01 Oct. 1931, p.4 [52]

Capt. Van der Horck, Fort Abercrombie commander, ordered messengers be sent to St. Paul. He sent a 10 man escort assuring them if there was any trouble he would send reinforcements with a howitzer. The group was attacked nearby crossing the Red River. Help was called for and Van der Horck refused to send troops. Eight of the escort made it back to the fort. One of the dead is identified as one of the G Co. Chippewa. Fort Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [53]

In 1885 the war dead were transferred from the Fort Abercrombie cemetery to Fort Lincoln. The interred native American scouts were included. One was identified as Matatabnahee.[134]

In January Gov. Ramsey told the Lake Superior Chippewa Chiefs that the Sioux would be chastised and made penitent by the upcoming expeditions.[145] The Chippewa did not give up trying to offer to help fight the Sioux during the war. Minnesota's politicians attempted to go around General Pope by going directly to the Secretary of War, to create a Indian Battalion of 1,000 Chippewa. Pope had sufficient rank to undo the effort. Chief Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his Dakota Expedition and was turned down. Sibley was one of those that objected to Chippewa service from the start. E.A.C. Hatch had been was chosen to command the Indian Battalion due to his past with the Ojibwa. Hole-in-the- Day knew him well and endorsed him "as the man for the job" offering his warriors service. However, Sibley and Pope were Hatch's commanders and they opposed Chippewa service. In 1865 Hole-in-the-Day lamented that the Chippewa had been denied to opportunity to fight the south when their service was not accepted.

Delegation of Chippeway Chiefs, Cleveland Daily Leader 3 Feb. 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, [69] They boarded the river boat the Golden Star at Reads Landing, St. Paul, 19 Mar. 1863. The St. Paul Daily Press.

Eight Lake Superior Chiefs go to Washington to gain permanent possession of their lands: Fond-du-Lac, Lac- Courte-Oreille, and Lac-La-Flambeau, Chicago Tribune, 28 Jan. 1863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [70]

Lamoille News Dealer, Hyde Park, VT, February 19, 1863, p.4 Feb.19, 1863, Library of Congress 2023, [71]

Chippewa Chiefs, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 23 Jan. 1863, p.10, Library of Congress, 2023, [72]

Chiefs have beautiful names. Prescott Journal, 28 Jan. 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [73]

Offered to fight the Sioux or the South for Lincoln. The Chippewa Chiefs Homeward Bound, Chicago Tribune 17 Mar. 1863, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [74]

1863 Chippewa Treaty, Article 12: Mille-Lacs, The Saint Paul Daily Press Apr. 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [75]

In April, all Santee Sioux treaties were cancelled by congress and the unfinalized Chippewa Old Crossing Treaty of 1862 was finally signed. Article IX stipulated the creation 2 one mile square (640 acres) Reservations for Chief Red-Bear and Chief Moose-Dung.[146] Trouble among the Chippewa, 4 Chiefs killed for signing treaty including Chief Crossing-Sky, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 15, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [76] (It was later reported that there was no treaty issue and that Crossing-Sky was killed in a family dispute.)

Hole-in-the-Day offer,  Can do more with 100 warriors than 1000 white soldiers, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol.XV, No.7, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [77]

Newspapers that reported Hole-in-the-day's offer to fight the Sioux:

• Chicago Daily Tribune Vol XVI, No.297, Jun. 04, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Rochester Republican, Jun. 10, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub 2023, MNHS
• Minnesota Staats-zeitung, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Illinois Staats-zeitung Vol. 16, No.12, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Baltimore Wecker, Jun. 09, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023
• Illinois Staats-zeitung, Jun. 11, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Jul. 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023
• Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul. 25, 1863, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

The newspapers viewed combat between the Chippewa and Sioux as being "Diamond on Diamond". In other words their combat skills were highly regarded:

• The Ottawa Free Trader, Jul. 25, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023
• The Pantagraph 20 Jul. 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023
• Janesville Weekly Gazette 24 Jul. 1863, p.1, 2023 Newspapers.com
• Janesville Weekly Gazette 18 Jul. 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023
• The Pantagraph Bloomington Ill Vol VII No. 125, 20 Jul. 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023
• 
  

In January 1863 the post commander at Sauk Rapids remorsed with Chief Big Dog that it was not safe for the Chippewa to venture from their reservations despite their support of the "whites" as one in a 100 could discern the difference between a Sioux and a Chippewa.[147]

JUNE 1863: INDIAN BATTALION MINNESOTA VOLUNTEERS, AKA "HATCH'S BATTALION" WAS CONCEIVED AS MOUNTED INFANTRY Indian Battalion Minesotaa Volunteers 

The War in Minnesota, 1000 mounted Chippewa and half breeds, Col Hatch, Daily Alta California 18 Jul. 1863, Vol. 15, No. 4890, California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research UC Riverside, CA 2024 [134]

Ramsey intends to accept Chippewa offer and put 1000 Chippewa in the field, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin Milwaukee, 9 Oct. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [79]

A force of Chippewa, The Buffalo Commercial, 20 Jun. 1863, p. 2, Newspapers.com, [80]

A Washington Special to the New York Times, A force of Chippewa, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS [81]

Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers letterhead , The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat , Dec. 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress [136]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Hatch 100 warriors, Hatch right man Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 30, Jul. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [82]

Hatch Chippewa Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, 25 Jun. 1863, 2023, Newspapers.com [83]

A company of Red River half-breeds for Hatch's battalion, Sioux scalps taken at St.Jo, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug. 21, 1863, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [84]

Hatch "Indian Battalion Minnesota Volunteers" letterhead, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec. 11, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [85]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, The Goodhue Volunteer, Jul. 29, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [86]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [87]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, Offers to fight the Sioux with 100 and offer accepted. From Washington, Chatfield Democrat, Jul. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [88]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man. Offers Warriors for Hatch, Library of Congress, 2024 The Goodhue Volunteer, Jul. 29, 1863, p.1,  [137]

Hole-in-the-Day says Hatch is the man, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jul. 24, 1863, p.2 , Library of Congress, 2023 [138]

From Hatch's Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, Vol VII, No. 24, 7 Jan. 1864, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [140]

-  General Pope: "No  Chippewa Service" -

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...The Portland Daily Press, Oct. 04, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [141]

Gen. Pope refuses to employ Chippewa service...Cleveland Morning Leader, Oct. 06, 1862, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [142]

Hole-in-the-Day offers Sibley 1863, Chicago Daily Tribune, Jun. 04, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [91]

 1863 Red-Lakers ~ Pembina / Turtle-Mountain ~ Lake-of-the-Woods:

May 1863 Little-Crow with 64 warriors held council with 200 Chippewa at Pembina. The St. Joseph, Red-Lake, and Lake-of-the-Woods bands participated. After having shared the peace pipe a Red-Laker killed a Sioux. The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 11, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [99]

 When Little-Crow arrived at Pembina, Chief Red-Bear went to Judge Lemay and borrowed an American flag to display for Little-Crow to see. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, June 12, 1863, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [100]

By Oct 1863, the Red-lake and Pembina bands had more than once volunteered to fight the Sioux, Indian Expedition, Semi-Weekly Wisconsin 09 Oct. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [101]

Red-Lake offers to fight Sioux. The Chippewa Delegation, Sioux City Register, 16 Apr. 1864, p.1, Vol VI, No.31, Newspapers.com, 2023 [102]

Red-Lake Band offer to fight Sioux. Fond-du-Lac, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Jun. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [103]

Red-Lake dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Jo. The Red Lake Treaty Expedition, Fremont Journal, Oct, 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [104]

Two Chiefs that attacked the Sioux during the war; Chief Es-En-Ce (Litte-Shell) of the Pembina band and Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh of the Red-Lake band. Chippewa Indian Tribe Photo Descriptions, Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians, Access Genealogy, 2022, image 1001 and image 1073 [105]

Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh, Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd. Fort Worth, TX [106]

Red-Lake Pembina 1863 Treaty. Hole-in-the-Day attended the signing and was accused of supporting Little-Crow by the Red-Lake chiefs. The Daily Standard, Raleigh, N. Carolina, 20 Mar. 1866, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [107]

Red-lake Chippewa attack Minnesota Sioux at Fort Gerry, Chicago Tribune, Jul, 14, 1866, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [108]

Gov. Ramsey asks Gov. Swift to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept, 18, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [109]

Gov. Ramsey to engage 50 Red-Lake Chippewa to pursue the murderers at Sauk Centre, Another Indian Murder, Rochester Republican p.2, Sept, 16, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [110]

Gov. Ramsey Red-lake Chippewa dance around 9 Sioux scalps taken at St Joseph, Fremont Journal, Oct. 16, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [111]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley. News from St Paul. Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug, 08, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [112]

300 Red river halfbreeds meet Sibley. Little Crow Killed, Charles City Republican Intelligencer, Aug, 13, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [113]

Cree and Assiniboine go to attack the Sioux. News from Pembina, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. Vol. XV, No. 9, Apr, 01, 1864, p.5, Library of Congress, [114]

Red-Lakers winter at Georgetown 1863-64 occupying the abandoned Georgetown/Hudson Bay Post on the Red river. St. Cloud Democrat, Mar. 10, 1864, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [115]

The newspapers refer to both Chippewa scouts and messengers during the Mdewakanton uprising. There was a list of scouts compiled by special agent Samuel H. Elrod to determine the Dacotah scouts eligibility for annuity payments authorized by an 1891 act of Congress. The Chippewa were not included on his list as he was a Sioux agent. Elrod made his list from the applications made by former scouts or their families not Army records.

Two biracial Chippewa hired to deliver mail to Sibley's expedition at $6.00/day.[151] In 2024 that equals $187.53.

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley. From St. Paul, Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug. 14, 1863, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [116]

7 Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley. Interesting from the Expedition, The Kenosha Telegraph, Aug. 20, 1863, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [117]

Chippewa scouts report Sioux holding two "white" females and children at Devils Lake. Winona Republican, 8 Jan. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024 [118]

Two scouts picked up the Sioux trail for Sibley's expedition on 18 July that lead to the Battle of Big Mound on Jul. 24, 1863. North Iowa Times, 22 Sept. 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [119]

Two of Sibley's Chippewa messengers encountered hostile Sioux scouts, Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 Aug. 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [120]

Kegg, Mille-Lacs scout for Sibley, Kegg’s Message Helped Preserve the Reservation, Jun. 1st, 2017, Mille Lacs band of Ojibwe, 2023 [121]

Gen. Sibley received that 10 canoes of Otter-Tail Chippewa were encountered returning from the hostile Sioux encampment at Devils Lake. From Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 19, 1865, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023 [122]

1864 J. Tanner mentioned as a Chippewa scout for the Dept. Of the Northwest War in the Delaware Gazette, Mar. 25, 1864, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2025 [123]

1863 Chicago February 21, names of Chippewa delegation to Washington, Baltimore Wecker, Feb. 25, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [124]

Sen. Ramsey stealing from the Chippewa, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 04, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [125]

Sen. Rice Opinion, believed the Chippewa could be induced to unite with the whites against the Sioux., The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat 19 Sept. 1862, p.5, 2023 Newspapers.com[126]

"The best thing that could be done , in my judgement, would be to say to Hole-in-the-Day:  Get your young men and warriors together, and go on the war path against the Sioux: drive them back and rid the country of them, and your forces shall receive the pay of U.S. soldiers during the time you are engaged in the expedition

1863   Treaty names of Chiefs, The Saint Paul Daily Press Apr. 7, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [128]

Red-Lakers castigate Hole in the Day The Saint Paul Daily Press Oct. 4, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS [129]

Bloody war between Chippewa in Crow wing. Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Nov. 21, 1863, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [130]

1863 Chief Naw-gaw-nab lectured confederate prisoners at Camp Douglas (Chicago): "you have been fighting to break up this govenment like the bloody Sioux."[159][160][161][162]

1864 General Sully requisitioned the steam packet Chippewa Falls to transport supplies for his expedition against the Sioux on the upper Missiouri.

 - Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa [143] - 

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa July 1866, Bradford Reporter, Jul. 19, 1866, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [144]

The Canadian Sioux Refugees from Minnesota, Roy W. Meyer Minnesota History Magazine, p.16, MNHS [145]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun. 9, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [146]

Canada Minnesota Sioux Chippewa attack 1864, Daily Davenport Democrat, Jun. 11, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [147]

British Canada and Minnesota Sioux/Chippewa [92]

1863 NEWSPAPER SAID GOVENOR RAMSEY WAS STEALING FROM THE CHIPPEWA.  The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 04, 1863, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [98]

The Mille-Lacs and accompanying Bands of Chippewa voluntarily provided security to a U.S. military installation and the town of Little Falls without compensation during a time of war. As well as offered assistance with the execution of the war.

* 12 Stat. 1249 1863-64 Chippewa treaties Article 12, 1863 & 1864: Land Cession Treaties with the Ojibwa (Mississippi, Pillager, Lake-Winnibigoshish Bands), Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, 161 St. Anthony Ave, St. Paul, MN [149]

* Article 12 makes the Milles-Lacs Band and Sandy-Lake band unique amongst indigenous peoples, no other tribes have the same protection. Treaties with Minnesota Indians [150]

1863 Chippewa Treaty: Sandy-Lake and Mille-Lacs bands get to stay on their 1855 Reservation because of their help during the uprising. "Treaties with Minnesota Indians" [151]

1875 Chippewa Indian Agency record: Chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung described his 1863 meeting with Lincoln:

"The President took our hands and promised us faithfully and encouraged us and he said we could live on our reservation for 10 years and if faithful to whites and behave ourselves [and are] friendly to whites you shall increase the number to 100 and you may increase it to 1,000 years if you are good Indians, and through your good behavior at the time of war (we were good and never raised our hands against the whites)  The Secretary of the Interior and the President said that we should be considered good Indians and remain at Mille-Lacs so long as we want."[154]

The Mille-Lacs band and Sandy-Lake bands self identified those members that did not participate at Fort Ripley and not deserving of 1000 year protection thus creating the "removable" Mille-Lacs and Sandy-Lake bands.

MICHIGAN:

Co. K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters (Entirely Chippewa/Ottawa men, identified as the largest group of indigenous in Northern service, approximately 150 men.) [214][215] It was noted that when Company K prepped for battle they covered their blue uniforms with dirt or mud for camouflage. The entire regiment copied their lead when they saw how effective it was.

Sergeant Antoine Scott (LaCroix)[216][217] (Pentwater: Chippewa of Shaw-gwaw-baw-no's band) Citation reads:

“instead of screening himself behind the captured works, this soldier boldly stood up and deliberately fired his piece until the enemy was close upon him, when, instead of laying down his arm and surrendering, ran the gauntlet of shot and shell and escaped.” After covering the retreat of his Company he was one of the last out.[218][219][209]

At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters had 80 men captured, 14 were Chippewa of Company K.[220] They were sent to Andersonville Prison where eight died. Company K had 6 more captured at the Battle of the Crater.[216][221] Company K has men buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Annapolis National Cemetery, and Andersonville National Cemetery to name a few.[222]

American Indians in the Civil War? 1st Michigan Sharpshooters graves at Petersburg National Battlefield, Jim Burnett, National Parks Traveler, Dec. 17, 2010, [215]

Why We Serve, Civil War, National Museum of the Native Americans, Smithsonian, Washington D.C. [216]

Michigan Indians in the Civil War, Petersburg National Battlefield, Kate Fort, Dec. 21, 2010 [217]

Civil War soldier’s grave dedicated at Chippewa burial ground, Lania Rocha, Swartz Creek View, Michigan, Jun. 18, 2015 [218]

Michigan indigenous soldiers in the Civil War, Steve Charnley, Daily News, Montcalm County and Ionia County Michigan, Oct. 14, 2023 [219]

Michigan's Company K: Anishinaabe Soldiers, Citizenship, and the Civil War, Michelle K Cassidy, Michigan State University Press, Sept. 2023, ISBN 9781611864632 [220]

The story of Company K: Native Americans from Michigan who saw tough action in the Civil War, Michigan Radio, By Staff, Aug. 23, 2017, Michigan Radio NPR, 535 W. William St, Suite 110, Ann Arbor, MI [221]

• 1861 Michigan’s legislature dismissed the proposal of fielding a regiment of Native Americans by George Copway.[216]
• Names and service records of Co. K.[223]

MINNESOTA:

Less than a month after the attack on Fort Sumpter a Chippewa and Sioux delegation traveled to Washington to tender 300 warriors to the Government. California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, Vol 15, No. 11, 10 May 1861, California Digital Newspaper Collection, UC Riverside, CA, 2024 [222]

Co. M, 2nd Minnesota Cavalry, six mixed-race Chippewa at South Bend, Blue Earth County, Pioneer and Democrat, 10 Jun. 1864, p.5 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS

Sept 2-3 News accounts indicate Co. A 6th Minnesota had troops in the Battle of Birch Cooley that were of Dacotah/Ojibwa heritage. During the battle the Dacotah called out for them to leave, "their blood was not wanted just the whites".[224]

G Company 9th Minnesota had a large contingent of Chippewa and biracial Chippewa that was mustered in at St Cloud in mid-August 1862. [225] One man was killed by "friendly fire" near St. Cloud by militia that did not know Chippewa were in Government service and was assumed to be Dacotah.[226] 

Capt. Hall, Commander of Fort Ripley, made a request for Lt. Beaulieu and G Company be sent to the fort. His request was reported in many papers. The Winona Daily Republican, 28 Aug. 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [223]

 The Philadelphia Inquirer,2 Sept. 1862, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [224],

G Company was posted forward to Fort Abercrombie. They arrived on 3 Sept. 1862 to find the Fort under attack which they help rout. G Company became part of the Fort's garrison. The Sioux returned to besiege the Fort until 23 Sept.[225] 

May 21, 1863 G Company arrived in St. Louis, MO. The St Louis Republican predicted that "they would give a good account to themselves in action"in an article titled "Big Injuns". [225]: p.105  As part of the rear guard at Brices Crossroads G Company saw action. There their marksmanship and skirmisher tactics enabled 400 men of the 59th U.S. Colored to not be overtaken by confederate cavalry at a bridge. Afterwards the Chippewa and African Americans fell back in unison.[225] : p.198-204  G Company losses and commendations described: Ninth Regiment, St. Cloud Democrat, Jun. 30, 1864, p.3, Library of Congress, [225]

100 Chippewa in 9th Minnesota, The Weekly Union Record, Jul. 02, 1864, p.2, Library of Congress, [226]

White Earth Minn.The Minneapolis Journal, 09 May 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com [227]

• List of Company G Chippewa as well as names of Chippewa in other Minnesota Civil War units. White Earth Chippewa Civil War Veterans, Gichiziibiwinini(David Beaulieu), Big River Man News-American Indian Education, May 04, 2010, [228]

9th Regiment, Chipppewa's and Colonel Wilkin's praise, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug. 18, 1865, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2025 [229]

Joseph Charette(Way-ond-ji-mah-dub or Wain-ge-ma-dub) joined G Company winter 1862-3, was elected to Chief of White-Earth.[227]

 G.A.R. button- Joseph Charette, Star Tribune 24 Aug. 1919, p.36, Newspapers.com, 2023 [230]

White Earth MinnesotaThe Minneapolis Journal, 09 May 1904, p.13, Newspapers.com, 2023 [231]

Co. G, John Strong, 1st KIA , St Cloud GAR post named for him The Sauk Centre Herald 01 Oct 1931, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023, [232]

Captain Charles H. Beaulieu, Co. G, 9th Minnesota.[228] [229]

Minnesota State Senator Charles S. Marden did all he could to get official State recognition for the Chippewa efforts during the Sioux uprising as well as the Civil War.  In 1912 he attempted to get a State monument to the 300 Chippewa that served in various Minnesota Regiments.[230]  In 1912 he also authored a bill for the Mau-zoo-mau-nee monument.

WISCONSIN:

The Taylor Falls Reporter newspaper published that Sam Fifield editor of the Polk County Press opined Wisconsin should organize a Brigade of Chippewa Braves to fight the south. Taylors Falls Reporter July 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [233]

190 Wisconsin Chippewa are known to have enlisted in the Civil War.[232]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Superiour Journal, Sept. 1892

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 20, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [234]

Wisconsin Chippewa "Half-breed Regiment", Prescott Journal, Sept. 24, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [235]

1st Wisconsin received 14 Chippewa replacements, ... zu den zur Auffüllung nachrekrutierten Soldaten gehörten 14 Chippewa Indianer, die bald zu den besten ... auf der Homepage von Eberhard Ref - Wisconsin Eberhard, https://www.eberhard-ref.net wisconsin [236]

3rd Wisconsin received 12 Chippewa replacements in Atlanta 1864[233]

7th Wisconsin, Chippewa Warriors volunteer, The Polk County Press, Apr . 1864

7th Wisconsin, Chippewa Warriors volunteer, Janesville Daily Gazette, 22 Apr. 1864, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [237]

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, Madison Journal, Jun 1864

7th Wisconsin, some 30 Ojibwa Warriors join, State News, Janesville Weekly Gazette, 24 Jun. 1864, p.2 , Newspapers.com 2023 [238]

7th Wisconsin, 14 Ojibwa Warriors Join the Battle of Spotsylvania, Wisconsin Historical Society [239][234]

8th Wisconsin,  A Lac-du Flambeau-Band Chief gave a Bald Eagle to the Regiment for a mascot

30th Wisconsin K Company had a number of Chippewa that went to Dakota territory with Gen. Sulley 1863. [240]

190 Chippewa served in Wisconsin Civil War Regiments, [241]

The Lac-du-Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and the Great War, Gary Entz, WXPR, Jun. 23, 2021, Public Radio, Rhinelander, Wisconsin [242]

1866 Fort Gerry engagement between the Red Lakers and the Mdewakanton. Fight between the Sioux and the Chippewas, The Mankato Weekly Record, Jul. 14, 1866, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [162] [163][164][165][166][37]: p.176 

1866-67 President Johnson gave the Chippewa the last Peace Medals they would receive for the treaties signed those years.

1866  Chief Kahkewaquonaby of the Mississauga band. In 1866 he graduated from Queen's College with a medical degree, the first native American to do so in Canada.[153] 

 1868 Chief Wabon-o-quot with a small group attended a presentation by the Fusi Yama Japanese Troupe in St. Paul's Ingersoll Hall. The Chief was so impressed with the show he requested an audience. He invited the Japanese north for the best Ojibwa meal in his wigwam. He was told it did not fit their schedule, but the preformers spent some time with the Ojibwa. "Meeting between Japanese and Chippewa", The Lake City Leader, Jun. 12, 1868, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [161]

1870 The Red River Expedition to transfer the HBC Prince Rupert's Land to the Canadian Dominion had a Chippewa guide for one leg to the trek.[60]

1871 Treaty 1 was signed at Fort Garry by seven Ojibwa Nations and the Canadian Government. The Chief's medal designed for the signing became famous for it's symbolism even though it took three different medals to arrive at it.[167] The Chiefs were less than impressed with the first two medals. Of those signers, today the Peguis First Nation is the largest in Manitoba. In Ontario the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation are the largest and the only tribe to sign Treaty 21. For Treaty 2, also 1871, Ojibwa Chiefs Francois (Broken Fingers) Mekis, Ma-sah-kee-yash, Ke-wee-tah-quun-na-yash, and Sou-sonce received the Victoria Peace medal.[168] Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) represented the Ojibwe for Treaty 3, received the medal in 1873. Queen Victoria actually signed Treaties 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 with the Chippewa, Cree and Saulteaux Ojibwa.

 1876 In Canada the Indian Act created "status Indian" and "non-status Indian " legal classifications.   Indigenous people had to register to gain  "status Indian".   

1879 The Carlisle Indian School opened and before it closed a number of Chippewa attended there.[169][170]

1880 The Mille-Lacs stood as a unit on the side of the whites in 1862. History of Morrison County, Little Falls Transcript, 23 Apr. 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [163]

1880 "The Mille-Lacs may stay as long as they are good" Chief Moose-o-ma-na (Mou-zoo-mau-nee) letter to President R.B. Hayes, Little Falls Transcript, 16 Apr. 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [164]

1880 Leech-Lake head Chief Naw-wa-ge-schick, noted for good services during dark days of 1862. Little Falls Transcript, 23 Apr. 1880, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023, [165]

1880 Mille-Lacs Indian Reservation, Little Falls Transcript , Mar. 26, 1880, p., Library of Congress, 2023 [166]

1883 Minnesota State Senator J.B. Gilfillan offered the Chippewa resolution for citizenship and the right to vote citing the preamble of the Minnesota Constitution.[171] [172] The bill passed under suspended rules.[173] All native Americans were made U.S. citizens by The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.[174] The right to vote was determined by the States.[175]

1884 The Mille-Lacs The Attempt to Dispossess Them of Their Lands Thwarted. The Saint Paul Globe 19 Jun. 1884, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023, [167]

1884 Siege of Khartoum 30 Ojibwa volunteers served as boatmen on the Nile for General Lord Garnet Wolseley's group.[176] They were lead by Chief William Prince great grandfather of Sgt. Tommy Prince.[177]

Hole-in-the-Day III   Late in 1885 ex-Governor Ramsey escorted Hole-in-the-Day's youngest son Joseph to Washington D.C. as a candidate to West Point.[178][179][180][181]  The trip's mission made national news with all accounts reporting he was a fine candidate.  They also expected he would be accepted.  In April 1886 he made his petition in person to President Cleveland.[182]  There are no news accounts for his not being accepted. He made news again in November 1887 when his stepfather adopted him and he took his surname Woodbury.[183]  The following December he made news again for giving the USPS his notice of resignation to become Chief on the White Earth Reservation. In 1898 he enlisted as a private in the 14th Minnesota Infantry for Spanish American War service.

1888 Dawes Act was successfully resisted by only the Red Lake Band of Chippewa. Which gave them the only Ojibwa Reservation in the United States not broken up by allotment. It makes their Reservation "closed" giving the Tribe complete Sovereignty to the land there.  There were a few other nations that opted to retain thier lands in this manner.

1890 Tales of the Ojibwa, The New York Times, Jan. 19, 1890, p.10, Newspapers.com, 2024 [168]

• 1679 Mille Lacs Duluth treaty.
• 1858 Sweetcorn Treaty.[206]
• 1870 Fort Abercrombie Treaty, Our own State, Minneapolis Daily Tribune, Aug. 20, 1870, p.4 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS [214][207]

• See: Ojibwe#Ojibwe treaties.
• Treaties with the “United Nation of Chippewa, Ottowa, and Potawatamie Indians”, U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol.  7, pp. 431-444.  
•  Ibid. “Journal of the proceedings of a Treaty between the United States and the United Tribes of Pottawottamies,  Chippeways & Ottowas”, National Archives microfilm  series T494, “Documents Relating to the  Negotiation of Ratified and Unratified Treaties with Various Indian Tribes, 1801-1869” Roll 3, pp. 61-87
• Treaty: Ratified Indian Treaty 247: Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi - Agency on the Missouri River near Council Bluffs and at Potawatomi Creek near the Osage River, June 5 and 17, 1846              https://digitreaties.org/treaties/treaty/175516208/

The Ojibwa Chippewa signed more treaties than any other First Nation: 1 French, 28 British, 10 Canadian, 16 U.S.  The first treaty the British Crown signed with the Ojibwa was the 1850 Robinson Treaty, with Canada it was Treaty No. 1 in 1871, and with the United States it was the multi-nation First Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825. 

1890 Mille-Lacs head chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung memoriam by Bishop H. Whipple, "brought all the warriors he could to Fort Ripley".

 Shaw-bosh-kung, Bishop H. Whipple St. Paul Daily Globe, Mar. 10, 1890, p.4 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [169]

Shaw-bosh-kung, The Minneapolis Tribune Mar. 9, 1890 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [170]

Shaw-bosh-kung, Indian Humor Public Press (Northunberland, Penn.) 16 May 1890, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023,[171]

Shaw-bosh-kung, Indian Humor St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 May 1890, p.7, Newspapers.com, 2023, [172]

Shaw-bosh-kung, Still had his brains The Fort Worth Record and Register, 26 Dec. 1909, p.15, Newspapers.com, 2023 [173]

Shaw-bosh-kung, Indian Keeness, Manchester Weekly Times and Examiner(England), 14 Jun. 1890, p.14, Newspapers.com, 2023 [174]

Shaw-bosh-kung, Not to be Gulled The Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald(Kent England) 15 Nov. 1890, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [175]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) The Wahpeton Times 13 Feb. 1890, p.5 Newspapers.com, 2023 [176]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) The Sun(Morris Minn) 13 Feb. 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [177]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) The Great West(St Paul, Minn.) 14 Feb. 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [178]

Shaw-bosh-uing,(obit)New Ulm Review, 12 Feb. 1890, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [179]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) The Mercury(Spring Valley, Minn.) Feb. 13, 1890, Newspapers.com, 2023 [180]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) The Record and Union (Rochester, Minn) Feb. 14, 1890 [181]

Shaw-bosh-kung,(obit) Willmar Argus(Willmar, Minn) Feb. 13, 1890 [182]

Shaw-bosh-kung letter to President Hayes 1880Little Falls Transcript, Apr. 16, 1880, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [183]

Shaw-bosh-kung Mille Lacs Reservation, More About the Mille Lacs Indians, Little Falls Transcript, Nov. 01, 1889, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023, [184]

Chief Shaw-bosh-kung who lead the Ojibwa forces to Fort Ripley has a road, park, and a lake point named for him at Mille-Lacs lake.

1891 The legend of White Bear and Manitou Island, The Saint Paul Globe, Jul. 12, 1891, p.12, Newspapers.com, 2024 [185]

1892  10 Cent Treaty, Turtle Mountain Heritage Center, 2025

http://www.chippewaheritage.com/heritage-blog2/the-10-cent-treaty

- - - - 1897 The death of Chief Naw-gaw-nub was reported in many newspapers with no mention he sent Lincoln letter offering to fight the Sioux. - - - -

1897 Chief Naw-gaw-nab's passing made the New York Times.[189]

1897 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee widow. Legislation introduced to the Minnesota legislature to provide a $120/year pension for his widow. ($4,328.00 today) The Princeton Union Apr. 8, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [186]

1897 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee widow Legislation re-introduced H.F.688 The Saint Paul Globe Apr. 14, 1897, p.5, Library of Congress, 2023, [187]

1897 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee widow Legislation H.F.688 failed due to Major R.B. Basford(ex 16th Wis) The Saint Paul Globe Jul. 22, 1897, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [188]

1898 Battle of Sugar Point is listed as the last battle of the Indian Wars. The combatants were members of the Pillager Band and the 3rd U.S. Infantry.

1898 Mille-Lacs NON-REMOVAL, An Indian's Answer, Toronto Saturday Night 29 Oct. 1898, The British Newspaper Archive, 2023 [189]

1898 Mille-Lacs NON-REMOVAL, Not to be Gulled Kilburn Times 14 Nov. 1890, The British Newspaper Archive, 2023 [190]

1898 The Pillagers historic superiority and Esk-ke-bug-coshe (Flat Mouth). A Powerful Indian Nation, The Chippewas, The Strongest Branch of the Old Algonquian Family, The Minneapolis Journal, Oct. 10, 1898, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2024 [191] In military terms the Pillagers served as advance skirmishers for the Chippewa against other tribes.

1898 Pillager incident.[190][191]

1900  The entire village of the Cheboiganning-Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa was arsoned.  The reservation land ceased to exist at the doing of the local banker.  The band signed a treaty in 1836 recognizing them and they remain without a reservation today.

1901 In September over 2000 indigenious Canadians attended the Assembly of Indian Tribes in Calgary where the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York gave the head Chiefs Calgary Silver Indian Peace Medals dated "1901" that are rare today.[192]

1902 The Mille-Lacs were Loyal, Government Owes them a Debt, The Minneapolis Journal, Aug. 26, 1902, p.11, Library of Congress, 2023 [192]

1902 The Mille-Lacs Ojibways... "were given absolute possession" The Princeton Union, Aug. 28, 1902, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023 [193]

1903 Charles Albert "Chief" Bender of the White Earth band joined the 

Phidadelphia Athletics.  In 1953 he was the first native American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

1903 Elijah Edward Pinnance, from the Walpole Island band pitched for the Philadelphia Athletics and later a Michigan barnstorming team.

1904 Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin A Member of the Turtle-Mountain Pembina band was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt to the Office of Indian Affairs. She was a Native American rights activist, and suffragist that graduated from the American University Washington College of Law in 1914. The school was the first law school founded by women for women in 1896.

1907 Loyalty of the Mille Lacs Chippewas in 1862, D.H. Robbins, The Princeton Union, 16 May 1907, p.6, Library of Congress, 2023, [194]

1908 The sale of the Dokis band's timber made them the wealthiest in Canada thanks to the legacy and leadership of Chief Migisi (aka Dokis)[193]

1908 Zhuck-Ke-Ge-Schick showed Roosevelt medal Lincoln gave him for his 1862 U.S. support. Minnesota Chief sees Roosevelt The Minneapolis Tribune, Feb. 16, 1908, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub , MNHS [195]

1908 Chief Zhuck-Ke-Ge-Schick showed President Roosevelt the medal Lincoln gave him for his 1862 U.S. support. Minnesota Chief sees Roosevelt, The Minneapolis Tribune, Feb. 16, 1908, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [196]

1910-14 Frank Gus Welch from Spooner, Wisconsin and the  Lac Courte Oreilles Band   Became quarterback of the famous Carisle Indian School Football team.  He play was overshadowed by his legendary teammate Jim Thorpe.  He became the athletic director at American University.

1910 A barmstorming baseball team named the Chippewa Redskins was formed in Michigan by Glen Arntz.  The team was completely native American.  Ed Pinnance was with the team in 1914.

1911 SS Chief Wawatam train ferry went into service on Lake Michigan.

1912. Chief Rapid Arrow aka John Smith gave a speech linking him to the conservation movement that was developing then.[194]

1912-13 Joseph Napoleon Guyon: O-Gee-Chidah , White Earth band, played on the Carislie Indian School team.  From 1919-1924 he played alonside Jim Thorpe. He went on to play on seven professional teams and  was inducted into both the NFL Hall of Fame and the college football Hall of Fame.

1913 Congress Approbations for the Minnesota Chippewa: $185,000 to be withdrawn from the tribal funds for the support and civilization of the tribe of which $20,000 was to purchase land for the nonremovable Mille-Lacs band as well as $25,000 for a hospital at either Leech-Lake or Red-Lake, $1 000 for a bridge at Cass-Lake, $49,000 Pipestone School, $4,000 support of the Chippewa School of the Mississippi bands,[195]

1914 About Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee, Little Falls Herald, Sept. 04, 1914, p.2, Library of Congress, 2023, [197]

1914 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument Little Falls Herald Sept. 4, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [198]

1914 Ft. Ridgeln Denkmal Enthult, New Ulm Review, 29 Jul. 1914, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [199]

1914 New Monument at Fort Ridgely, New Ulm Review, 29 Jul. 1914, p.10, Newspapers.com, 2023 [200]

1914 Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument dedication. Celebration at Fort Ridgely New Ulm Review, Aug. 12, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [201]

1914 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee. Large Crowd See Memorial Unvailed, The Redwood Gazette Sept. 1, 1914, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS [202]

1914 Monument to the Big Chief, The Redwood Gazette, 11 Aug. 1914, p.11, Newspapers.com, 2023 [203]

1914 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument, Star Tribune 9 May 1921, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [204]

1914 War Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Mazomanie) Monument, The Tomahawk (White Earth) May 12, 1921, p.1 p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [205]

1914 Dedicate Monument to Friendly Indians, The Hattiesburg News, Aug. 20, 1914, p.4, Library of Congress, [206]

1914 Monument to Indians, Las Vegas Optic, Aug. 20, 1914, City Edition, p.3, Library of Congress, [207]

1914 Monument to Indians, The Daily Missoulian, Aug. 21, 1914, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [208]

M.P. Shatterlee stated the Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee Monument was a mistake because Maza-Mani was a Dakota not a Chippewa when there were two men with the same name with the same translated meaning. Estimating the killings of the Sioux Uprising, M.P.Shatterlee., The Minneapolis Journal, 10 Sept. 1922, p.31, Newspapers.com, [209]

R.I. Holcombe stated the Chippewa had no chief named Mou-zoo-mau-nee, but there was a Sioux named Mah-zo-mannee.(St. Paul August 5), The Mankato Free Press, Aug. 07, 1914, p.3, Library of Congress, 2023 [210]

O.H. Clark from Duluth wrote a letter that made multiple newspapers disputing Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee's actions.[196] 

1914 The Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, Incorporated Ballclub lasted 19 years, from 1914 to 1933. They played in the Twin Cities-based Minnesota League.   The Minneapolis Morning Tribune.  Jun. 8, 1922, p.20 has them soliciting opponents. 

1915 Indian Chief Recalls Days When Superior [Wisconsin] Was Scene of Bloody Battles Between Red Warriors, Chief Blackbird La Pointe Chippewa tribe, Superior Telegram, Feb. 17, 1915, [211]. ca.1860 a large battle of hundreds took place at Spooner.

1916 At one time Minnesota had two Chippewa Indian Agents, one oversaw White-Earth, Red-lake, Leech-lake, Winnibigoshish, Cass-Lake and White-Oak-Point, the other had the Fond-du-Lac, Bois-Forte, and Grand- Portage bands. The BIA changed that, giving each band its own agent. Each band then had to pay for its Agent and his support staff draining the annuities of all the bands. In 1916 a delegation went to Washington with the propopsal for a single Minnesota Chippewa Agent.[197][198]

1918-19  The Spanish flu aka the Grip ran rapid nationweide.  What made it bad was it would develop into pneumonia.

1919 Native American soldiers and sailors were given U.S. citzenship.  H.R. 5007, "An Act granting citizenship to certain Indians," 

1920s The twenties brought an outbreak of Ttuberculosis that saw infection rates of 700 per 1000 amongst Minnesota's Chippewa.  The State opened sanitoriums statewide including several for the bands.  The closed boarding school at Onigum was turned into one another in Walker was the Ah-gwah-ching Sanatorium .

1922 Big Lake on the Mille-Lac Reservation had name was changed to Lake Naw-gaw-nub. Boy Scout Camp Will Open, The Duluth Herald, May 27, 1922, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS [212]

1924 Snyder Act or Indian Citizenship Act  granted full citzenship to Native Americans.

1925 The Minneapolis Star Tribune ran an article that the State should erect a monument for Chief Hole-in-the-day.[199]

1933 the U.S. Government erected a monument to the Red lake and Pembina bands for the Old Crossing Treaty at Huot, Minnesota

In 1933 the BIA created the   Indian Emergency Conservation Work (IECW) program.  It was renamed in 1937 the Indian Division of the CCC Civilian Conservation Corps.   For nine years the Consolidated Chippewa Agency for the: Grand-Portage, Fond-du-Lac, Mille-Lacs, Leech-Lake, White-Earth, Nett-Lake, and Red-Lake bands registered men for CCC-ID employment in northern Minnesota.   In Wisconsin the CCC-ID was employed in 3 parks: Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Devil's Lake State Park, and Wyalusing State Park.   In Michigan the CCC-ID was tasked with making improvements to the reservations. In North Dakota, Turtle Mountain had it's own CCC-ID office.  WWII brought the end to the CCC.

1937 Dennis Banks - Naawakamig was born on the Leech Lake Reservation.

1937 On May 28, 1937 Milwaukee Rail Road added the "Chippewa" 4-6-2 locomotives #151 & 152 to it's Hiawatha streamliner fleet between Chicago and Ontonagon, Michigan.[200] The "Chippewa" name was emblazoned on the running boards of the locomotives and a large Hiawatha line logo on their tenders. As "Chippewa service expanded other non-streamlined engines (#150 & 197) were added with the word "Chippewa" across the top of their tenders.[201]

1939 The King and Queen visited the Ojibwa at Port Arthur and Fort William First Nation Reserve, Ontario.[202] The Royals gave school children 25mm bronze medallions for their visit.[203]

1943 A Dictionary of the Chippewa Indian Language, Harry C. Hill, 1943. (not published)

1944 the NCAI National Congress of American Indians was formed with the Chippewa included in the founding members.

1945 That year 70% of the Northwest Angle in Minnesota was put into trust for the Red Lake band.

1951 Princess Elizabeth, with Prince Philip visted the Ojibwa at Fort William October 28-29, 1951.

1952 Indian Relocation Act

1956 St. Ignace Mission was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and houses the Museum of Ojibwa Culture.

1959 Queen Elizabeth visited the Ojibwa at Fort William after the ceremony to open the St. Lawrence Seaway. One of the dignitaries attending that was Telford Adams, Chief of the Sarnia Chippewa Indians (Aamjiwnaang First Nation).

1968 Indian Civil Rights Act

1969  National Indian Education Association founded in Minnesota.

1972  Office of Indian Education established.

1973 Queen Elizabeth visited the Ojibwa at Fort William again.

1996 Prince Charles at Winnigeg's Children of the Earth high school where the Cree and Ojibwa languages are used in regular coursework.[204]

2000 The Minnesota Historical Society returned a silver King George III peace medal to the Grand Portage Band from the MNHS collections.[205]

2018 Peggy Flanagan, White-Earth band, was elected  Lieutenant Governor of the State of Minnesota.  She was relected in 2022.

2019  The Last Post Fund, a Canadian national charity started a program to locate and mark the unmarked graves of Canada's indigenious veterans that also identify their First Nation.

2019 Francis Vincenti, a previously unknown bust of Aysh-Ke-Bah-Ke-Ko-Zhay, or Flat Mouth was listed in a Sothebys auction in 2019 as Lot 17, sold for 757% over Sotheby's pre-auction estimate. It appears to be the mate to the U.S. Senate's bust of Chief Buffalo. [213][206]

2024 Canada recognizes over 130 Ojibwa/Chippewa First Nations. The United States recognizes 22 Chippewa/Ojibwa Nations. In Canada a number of Ojibwa/Chippewa reserves are on unceded land: The Wiikwemkoong First Nation on Manitoulin Island is one. The Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation are another. 

See Ojibwe#Bands and/or page 7.